Method

Source

Country and Period

Estimate (t-stat)

OLS

Beaudreau (1995)

U.S. (1950-1984)

0.5330 (10.791)

OLS

Beaudreau (1998)

U.S. (1958-1984)

0.4483 (12.469)

Germany (1962-1988)

0.7474 (3.135)

Japan (1962-1988)

0.6055 (3.017)

LINEX

Kummel, Henn

and Lindenberger (2002) ²⁰

Germany

0.64

U.S. (1960-1993)

0.51

Japan (1965-1992)

0.61

U.S.-Total (1960-1993)

0.30

Germany-Total (1960-1989)

0.44

Cointegration

Stressing, Kummel

and Lindenberger (2008)

Germany (1960-1989)

0.517

Japan (1965-1992)

0.350

U.S. (1960-1978)

0.663