Environmental categories

Main impacts

Valuation method

Water

Impacts on environment and economy

- dam sedimentation

- groundwater overexploitation

- loss of wetlands

- discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater

Impacts on health

- diarrhea and malnutrition

Restoration cost

Restoration cost

Change in productivity

Restoration cost

Cost of health

Air

Impacts on health

- outdoor and indoor air pollution

Cost of health

Agricultural land

Cultivated lands

- impact of erosion on rain-fed crops

- impact of salinization on irrigated lands

Rangelands

- impact of clearing, degradation and desertification of rangelands

Change in productivity

Forests

Impacts of deforestation and forest fires

Market price, price of substitute goods, benefits transfer, restoration cost

Waste

Municipal waste

- insufficient waste collection

- groundwater pollution

- depreciation of land

- forgone electricity and recycling benefits

Hazardous waste

- forgone benefits from re-using waste oil

- health impacts from lead exposure

Benefits transfer

Restoration cost (depollution)

Hedonic price

Opportunity cost

Market price

Cost of health

Coastal zone

- impact of overfishing

- recreational losses due to beach degradation

Change in productivity

Cost of travel