Environmental categories | Main impacts | Valuation method |
Water | Impacts on environment and economy - dam sedimentation - groundwater overexploitation - loss of wetlands - discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater Impacts on health - diarrhea and malnutrition |
Restoration cost Restoration cost Change in productivity Restoration cost
Cost of health |
Air | Impacts on health - outdoor and indoor air pollution |
Cost of health |
Agricultural land | Cultivated lands - impact of erosion on rain-fed crops - impact of salinization on irrigated lands Rangelands - impact of clearing, degradation and desertification of rangelands | Change in productivity |
Forests | Impacts of deforestation and forest fires | Market price, price of substitute goods, benefits transfer, restoration cost |
Waste | Municipal waste - insufficient waste collection - groundwater pollution - depreciation of land - forgone electricity and recycling benefits Hazardous waste - forgone benefits from re-using waste oil - health impacts from lead exposure |
Benefits transfer Restoration cost (depollution) Hedonic price Opportunity cost
Market price Cost of health |
Coastal zone | - impact of overfishing - recreational losses due to beach degradation | Change in productivity Cost of travel |