Components of transactional leadership

Mean

Std. Deviation

Indep. samples t-test

Principals

(N = 157

Teachers

(N = 312)

Principals

(N = 157)

Teachers

(N = 312)

Df

t-value

p-value

a. Contingent reward

b. Provision of the rewards

c. Man’t-by-exception active

d. Passive avoidant factors

3.73

3.5

3.78

2.78

3.51

3.15

3.48

3.0

1.09

1.38

1.07

2.11

1.14

1.42

1.19

2.11

325.6

321.5

344.1

300.2

2.11

2.55

2.7

−1.43

0.184

0.011

0.01

0.318