Components of transactional leadership | Mean | Std. Deviation | Indep. samples t-test | ||||
Principals (N = 157 | Teachers (N = 312) | Principals (N = 157) | Teachers (N = 312) | Df | t-value | p-value | |
a. Contingent reward b. Provision of the rewards c. Man’t-by-exception active d. Passive avoidant factors | 3.73 3.5 3.78 2.78 | 3.51 3.15 3.48 3.0 | 1.09 1.38 1.07 2.11 | 1.14 1.42 1.19 2.11 | 325.6 321.5 344.1 300.2 | 2.11 2.55 2.7 −1.43 | 0.184 0.011 0.01 0.318 |