Activities of instructional leadership

School principals …

Mean

Std. Deviation

In dep. samples t-test

Principals

(N = 157)

Teachers

(N = 312)

Principals

(N = 157)

Teachers

(N = 312)

Df

t-value

p-value

a. articulate and communicate vision and goals

3.87

3.75

0.95

1.01

330.7

1.29

0.225

b. allocate resources

3.68

3.51

1.03

1.15

329

1.54

0.124

c. coach, monitor, evaluate and encourage staffs, and provide opportunities for development

3.64

3.48

0.82

0.84

237.4

0.09

0.141

d. stimulate professional discussion and decision-making, develop spirit of professional competition and strengthen parent-community-school relationship

3.59

3.42

1.08

1.14

328.4

1.59

0.137

e. motivate and encourage staffs and provide with moral supports

3.73

3.49

1.09

1.13

323

2.21

0.057