Activities of instructional leadership School principals … | Mean | Std. Deviation | In dep. samples t-test | ||||
Principals (N = 157) | Teachers (N = 312) | Principals (N = 157) | Teachers (N = 312) | Df | t-value | p-value | |
a. articulate and communicate vision and goals | 3.87 | 3.75 | 0.95 | 1.01 | 330.7 | 1.29 | 0.225 |
b. allocate resources | 3.68 | 3.51 | 1.03 | 1.15 | 329 | 1.54 | 0.124 |
c. coach, monitor, evaluate and encourage staffs, and provide opportunities for development | 3.64 | 3.48 | 0.82 | 0.84 | 237.4 | 0.09 | 0.141 |
d. stimulate professional discussion and decision-making, develop spirit of professional competition and strengthen parent-community-school relationship | 3.59 | 3.42 | 1.08 | 1.14 | 328.4 | 1.59 | 0.137 |
e. motivate and encourage staffs and provide with moral supports | 3.73 | 3.49 | 1.09 | 1.13 | 323 | 2.21 | 0.057 |