Variables

Pioneers/innovators (n = 40)

Followers (n = 37)

Late adopters (n = 45)

Laggards/abandoners (n = 38)

Non-adopters (n = 144)

Mean/Proportions

Mean/Proportion

Mean/Proportion

Mean/Proportion

Mean/Proportion

Sociodemographic and economic characteristics of the producer

Gender

0.9

0.87

0.844

0.97

0.88

Head of household

0.9

0.95

0.82

0.95

0.89

Age

50.78

(13.80)

48.84

(10.13)

45.67

(10.65)

45.15

(10.94)

44.63

(13.19)

Instruction

0.35

0.35

0.18

0.18

0.16

Literacy

0.46

0.60

0.31

0.45

0.26

Production flow constraints

0.40

0.24

0.42

0.37

0.30

Organization

0.30

0.38

0.22

0.34

0.10

Development projects access

0.83

0.54

0.64

0.53

0.14

Awareness, training, information

Agricultural advisor access frequency

3.18

(2.05)

1.30

(1.29)

1.42

(1.91)

0.66

(1.15)

0.26

(1.04)

Awareness

0.08

0.32

0.09

0.26

0.083

Training

0.03

0.05

0.09

0.05

0.035

Household size

12.83

(6.25)

10.05

(3.94)

10.40

(6.42)

7.42

(8.55)

7.79

(5.22)

Transfers/remittances

0.20

0.19

0.13

0.29

0.15

Female household head

0.15

0.19

0.22

0.79

0.12

Insurance

Farms characteristics

Labor force

3.25

(1.71)

1.89

(1.49)

2.09

(1.55)

1.41

(1.07)

1.56

(1.11)

Animal traction

0.65

0.76

0.58

0.61

0.63

Number of maize plots

2.55

(1.04)

2.44

(0.70)

2.05

(0.86)

2.68

(1.38)

2.23

(1.05)

Soil constraints

0.3

0.11

0.24

0.11

0.21

Food security

Children meals (−5 years old)

3.38

(0.74)

3.43

(0.50)

3.18

(0.88)

3.05

(1.07)

3.17

(1.04)

Adult meals

3.08

(0.47)

2.97

(0.16)

2.09

(1.55)

3

(0)

2.99

(0.08)

Meals number variation

0.35

0.19

0.11

0.32

0.06

Shocks

Death

0.18

0.08

0.09

0.08

0.035

Disease

0.2

0.11

0.18

0.03

0.13

Losses

0.08

0.16

0.24

0.16

0.04