drag reducer

EC50 (mg·L−1)

Toxicity level

Oil-based drag reducer

1129

Slight poison

Powder drag reducer

63.27

Moderate poison

Water

1.0 × 106

nonpoisonous

CQFR drag reducer

1.89 × 106

nonpoisonous

CQFR drag reducer system

1.86 × 106

nonpoisonous