Competency

Reference in literature

SLs’ characteristics (Strategic leaders should...)

Ÿ be inclusive, resolute, and flexible, and show persistence and resilience in facing difficulties and uncertainties

Schoemaker, Krupp, & Howland (2013); Norzailan, Othman, & Ishizaki (2016); Marshall (2019)

Ÿ be brave; be visionary; act as champions of innovation; and adapt and incubate new ideas

Sotarauta (2005); Coban, Ozdemir, & Pisapia (2019); Bass (2007)

Ÿ have mental agility and creativity; be cross-culturally savvy; have interpersonal maturity; be world-class warriors; and have professional astuteness

Wong et al. (2003)

Ÿ be proactive

Guillot (2003)

Ÿ be energized; be empowered and empower others; be engaged and engage others

Marshall (2019)

Ÿ be trustworthy and respectful; have integrity, agility, passion, and ambition; and have commitment to shared values

Marshall (2019); Agyepong et al. (2018)

Ÿ have cognitive capacity, self-efficacy, and the power motive

Sashkin (1992)