Competency

Reference in literature

Behaviors (Strategic leaders should...)

Ÿ demonstrate idealized influence and inspirational motivation behaviors; and anticipate, lead, and foster change

Shao (2019); Guillot (2003)

Ÿ give top-down clear directions and facilitate upward communication; formulate clear strategies; support effective coordination; and allocate clear accountability and authority to middle management

Beer & Eisenstat (2000)

Ÿ focus attention on outcomes and processes; seek and leverage knowledge; foster learning and creativity; improve workflows by paying attention to relationships; maintain a global mindset; meet the interests of multiple stakeholders; work on long-term goals while meeting short-term needs; and develop human capital

Bass (2007)

Ÿ determine the organization’s purpose or vision and strategic direction; exploit and maintain core competencies; develop human capital; sustain an effective organizational culture; emphasize ethical practices; and establish balanced controls

Ireland & Hitt (1999); Hitt, Irelan, & Hoskisson (1995); Hagen, Hassan, & Amin (1998)

Ÿ seek novel ideas and foster creativity; effectively act in times of chaos; critically analyze one’s own thinking; build effective teams; negotiate effectively; assume the role of mentor and teacher; and invest in developing other leaders

Guillot (2003)