Competency

Reference in literature

Skills & abilities (Strategic leaders should have...)

Ÿ the ability to imagine, anticipate, assess, interpret, and challenge environmental changes; decide upon and align strategies in dealing with them; learn from their experiences; and have sense-making ability

Schoemaker, Krupp, & Howland (2013); Graetz (2012); Stigter & Cooper (2015); Appiah-Adu & Aming (2016)

Ÿ the ability to define strategies and visions; transform visions into strategies and action; transform crisis into something constructive; launch, manage, and lead change processes; find the correct timing for change and development; and achieve big objectives

Sotarauta (2005); Agyepong et al. (2018)

Ÿ the ability to connect and synthesize ideas

Goldman et al. (2015)

Ÿ the ability to think and plan strategically, and manage politics and change

Norzailan, Yusof, & Othman (2016);

Mintzberg (1994); Sotarauta (2005);

Farazmand (2007)

Ÿ the ability to think systematically, and have reframing and reflecting skills

Pisapia, Reyes-Guerra, & Coukos-Semmel (2005)