Competency

Reference in literature

Knowledge and awareness (Strategic leaders should...)

Ÿ read the organization’s external and internal environments precisely

Norzailan, Yusof, & Othman (2016); Vera & Crossan (2004)

Ÿ know how to deal with challenges emerging from the external environment

Goldman (2012)

Ÿ understand and recognize themes, trends, and data applications

Ÿ envision big ideas and their implications

Deshler (2018)

Ÿ know about strategic planning processes, evaluation, and requirements

Sotarauta (2005); Huang (2009)

Ÿ be aware of cultural sensitivity

Guillot (2003)