MATERIALS	TEST SETUP	TEST SAMPLES	FRACTURE/FLAW		INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUE	REF.
Carrara marble	Uniaxial	152 × 76 × 38 mm	127 mm length, 1 mm width, oriented at 30˚ from the horizontal axis		Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM)	[13]
Marble/in Tibet	Uniaxial	Ø50 mm, h: 100 mm	interbed orientation of 0˚, 30˚, 60˚ and 90˚ and natural fractures		X-ray phoenix NDT analyzer micro-Computed Tomography (CT)	[20]
White marble/China and PMMA specimens	Uniaxial	Length: 110 mm Width: 50 mm Thickness from 10 mm to 50 mm	20˚, 45˚, 75˚ the inclination surface flaw 14 mm/22mm. The flaw depth 3.2 mm. PMMA specimens were frozen in a cooler containing dry ice. The rock specimen’s temperature dropped to about −72˚C. Specimen testing temperature does not rise above −50˚C.		Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT). Video camera.	[21]
Marble/in Tibet	Uniaxial	Ø50 mm, h: 100 mm	interbed orientation of 0˚, 30˚, 60˚, and 90˚, natural fractures		Acoustic Emission (AE) Computed Tomography (CT)	[22]
Samples composed of spherical particles with great stiffness. ρ: 2700 k·gm⁻³ R: 0.5 - 0.8 mm E_c: 37 GPa M: 0.65 kⁿ/k^s: 2.5	Triaxial	50 × 50 × 100 mm	The flaws inclination angles; 30˚, 60˚, 75˚ Flaw length: 24 mm 45˚ Flaw length: 20, 16, 24 mm		3-D particle-based discrete element methodology (DEM)	[23]
ρ: 2700 kg/m³ (Density) R: 0.5 - 0.83 mm E_c: 50 GPa (Particle-contact Young Modules) M: 0.7 (Friction coefficient) kⁿ/k^s: 2 (Particle-contact stiffness ratio)	Biaxial	100 × 100 mm	Elliptical crack in the center, long: 10 mm		Discrete Element Methodology (DEM)	[24]
Marble/in Tibet	Uniaxial	Ø50 mm, h: 100 mm	interbed orientation of 0˚, 30˚, 60˚ and 90˚ and natural fractures		Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)	[25]
Baishan Formation marble/China	Triaxial	100 × 100 × 200 mm	Fractures with a length Greater than 0.5 times of the specimen height. The total length of these fractures R₁₁: 429 mm R₁₄: 1370 mm		High-Speed Camera Acoustic Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)	[26]
Baishan Formation marble/China	Biaxial	50 × 50 × 100 mm	Between 60˚ and 90˚ natural fractures		Acoustic Emission (AE) Moment Tensor (MT)	[27]
White marble/China	Three-point bending	Notched semi-circular bend marble. Ø50 mm, Thicknees: 25 mm	Fracture length: 5 mm		Three-Dimensional (3D) Laser Scanner	[28]
Marble/China	Uniaxial	Ø50 mm, h: 100 mm	interbed orientation of 0˚, 30˚, 60˚ and 90˚ and natural microcracks		X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) Scanning Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)	[29]
Mainly white, partially blackish marble/China	Uniaxial	20 × 10 × 2 mm defective sample 15 × 4 × 2 mm intact sample	45˚ transparent crack		Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)	[30]
Marble	Uniaxial and triaxial	Ø50 mm, h: 100 mm			TAW-2000D Data Acquisition System	[31]
White marble	Uniaxial- biaxial	110 × 110 × 30 mm	45˚ double pre-existing cracks length: 20 mm, width: 1 mm		High Speed Camera	[32]
White marble/China	Three- point bending	Notched semi-circular bend marble. Ø50 mm, Thicknees: 25 mm	Fracture length: 5 mm crack width < 20 mm		High Speed Camera	[33]
White dolomitic marble/China	Triaxial	Ø50 mm, h: 100 mm	interbed orientation of 0˚, 30˚, 60˚ and 90˚ and crack pattern is simple and single		X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) Scanning Energy Mechanism Analysis	[34]
Marble/China	Uniaxial and triaxial	Ø50 mm, h: 100 mm	Natural flaws (cracks)		Acoustic Emission (AE) Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)	[35]
Marble/China	Uniaxial	50 × 100 mm rectangular	Inclination angle 0˚, 15˚, 30˚, 45˚, 60˚, 75˚, 90˚	Flaw length 10 mm	Acoustic Emission (AE) Particle Flow Code (PFC) based on Discrete Element Method (DEM)	[36]
Carrara marble	Uniaxial and biaxial	76 × 152 mm rectangular Ø76 mm Brazilian disc model	Flaw inclination angle for single flaws 0˚, 30˚, 60˚ a flaw in the center Flaw inclination angle for En-echelon flaws 30˚, 45˚, 60˚, 75˚, 90˚ flaw length:12,5mm flaw aperture:1mm		Numerical Model Particle Flow Code (PFC)	[37]
Naturel stiff jointed marble	Triaxial	50 × 50 × 100 mm	Flaw inclination angle 62˚ - 90˚ only one natural joint plane		Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)	[38]
Carrara marble	Uniaxial	76 × 152 mm	En-echelon flaws inclination angle 15˚, 30˚, 45˚, 60˚, 75˚, 90˚		Particle Flow Code (PFC) Optical Microscope Video Camera	[39]
Dionysos marble	Uniaxial	40 × 40 × 100 mm	Pre-existing microcracks		Acoustic Emission (AE)	[40]
White marble	Uniaxial	60 × 60 × 30 mm	Flaw inclination angle 0˚, 30˚, 45˚, 60˚, 75˚, 90˚ flaw length: 10 mm flaw aperture: 1 - 1.5 mm		High Speed Camera	[41]
Carrara marble	Laser generated pressure waves	50 × 40 × 30 mm	Samples were taken from a strongly deteriorate tortile column removed		Laser-Based Photoacoustic Sensor	[42]
Marble/China	Uniaxial and triaxial	Ø50 mm, h: 100 mm	Microcracks		Nuclear Magnetic Imaging Resonance (NMR)	[43]
White marble	Uniaxial	Ø50 mm, h: 100 mm	Artificial flaw inclination angle 0˚, 13˚, 24˚		Acoustic Emission (AE)	[44]
Carrara marble	Uniaxial	15 × 60 × 100 mm	Flaw inclination angle 0˚, 45˚, 90˚		Digital Image Camera	[45]
Marble/China	Triaxial	50 × 50 × 100 mm	Intact and jointed marble The dip angle of the joint 0˚, 25˚, 40˚, 54˚, 60˚, 78˚		Digital Image Correlation (DIC)	[46]
Carrara marble	Uniaxial	152 × 76 × 32 mm	En-echelon flaws inclination angle 15˚, 30˚, 45˚, 60˚, 75˚, 90˚ Few intragranular micro-cracks Flaw length: 13 mm Flaw aperture: 1.2 mm		Optical Microscope and Image Recording System Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)	[47]
Bonnet granite	Uniaxial	Length to diameter ratios of approximately 2.25			Strain Gauge and Acoustic Emission (AE)	[48]
Coarse-grained Inada granite & fine-grained Oshima granite		Ø50 mm, h: 100 mm	Fractal dimensions. Inada granite: 2.3 Oshima granite: 2.7		Acoustic Emission (AE)	[49]
White Carrara marble Red Verona marble	Three-point bending	180 × 60 × 30 mm 150 × 30 × 60 mm (Large Verona marble) 150 × 30 × 30 mm (Small Verona marble)	Initial crack length 6.07 - 6.84 mm 18.80 - 19.65 mm 8.74 - 10.16 mm		Digital Image Correlation Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)	[50]
Venatino marble	Uniaxial	60 × 60 × 15 mm	Flaw inclination angle 0˚, 15˚, 30˚, 45˚, 60˚, 75˚, 90˚ Artificial flaw lengths 10, 15, 20 mm		High Speed Camera	[51]
Marble/China	Uniaxial	Ø50 mm, h: 100 mm	Natural irregular microcracks		Acoustic Emission (AE) Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)	[52]
Marble	Triaxial	Ø50 mm, h: 100 mm	Natural flaws (cracks)		X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) Scanning	[53]
Marble/China	Triaxial	Ø36.56 - 36.68 mm, h: 58.65 - 74.08 mm	pre-existing microcracks		Ultrasonic Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)	[54]
Marble/China	Uniaxial	Ø 50 mm, h: 100 mm	Flaw inclination angle 30˚, 45˚, 60˚ Flaw thickness: 0.3 - 0.5 mm Flaw length: 24 mm		Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)	[55]
Carrara marble	Uniaxial	152 × 76 × 32 mm	Flaw inclination angle 30˚, 90˚ Flaw length: 12.5 mm Flaw aperture: 0.5 mm		Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Optical Microscope High Speed Camera	[56]
Plaster model Veria-Nefeli marble Volakas II marble Volakas Ariston, I marble	Uniaxial	150 × 150 × 40 mm 150 × 150 × 50 mm 200 × 200 × 80 mm 300 × 300 × 85 mm	Cured for 96 h at 40˚C, Hole of 28 mm diameter Ø10, 22, 35 and 45 mm Ø10, 22, 35 and 45 mm Ø10, 22, 35, 45 and 61 mm		Digital Image Corelation Ultrasonic Acoustic Emission (AE) Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)	[57]
Dionysos marble	Uniaxial	40 × 40 × 100 mm	Natural flaws (cracks)		Acoustic Emission (AE)	[58]
Carrara marble	Uniaxial	60 × 30 × 20 mm	Flaw inclination angle 0˚, 15˚, 30˚, 45˚, 60˚, 75˚, 90˚ Flaw length: 5 mm Flaw aperture: 1 mm		High Speed Video System	[59]
White Marble/China	Uniaxial	Ø50 mm, h: 100 mm	circumferential surface pre-crack Flaw width: 2 mm Flaw aperture: 3 mm		Acoustic Emission (AE) Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)	[60]
Grey coarse meta crystal marble	Uniaxial	Ø50 mm, h: 100 mm	natural fractures (cracks) (flaws)		Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)	[61]
Silt-crystal marble	Uniaxial and triaxial	Ø49.6 mm, h: 100 mm	Weathered marble, no imperfections is observed with naked eyes.			[62]