Experiment treatments

Fertilizer

Pesticide

plowing

yield (t∙ha−1)

1

Natural farming

Aomori

None

None

None

5

2

Natural farming

Aomori

None

None

None

7

3

Natural farming

Nagano

None

None

None

10

4

Organic farming

Aomori

Chicken dung compost

Pesticides approved by JAS organic certification

Yes

30

5

Organic farming

Aomori

Chicken dung, rice bran, rapeseed meal, fish cake

Pesticides approved by JAS organic certification

Yes

45

6

Organic farming

Nagano

Cow dung compost

Pesticides approved by JAS organic certification

Yes

20

7

Hybrid farming

Aomori

Organic and chemical fertilizers

Reduction of synthetic chemical pesticides

Yes

30

8

Hybrid farming

Nagano

Organic and chemical fertilizers

Reduction of synthetic chemical pesticides

Yes

30

9

Hybrid farming

Nagano

Organic and chemical fertilizers

Reduction of synthetic chemical pesticides

Yes

30

10

Conventional farming

Aomori

Chemical fertilizers

Synthetic chemical pesticides

Yes

30

11

Conventional farming

Aomori

Chemical fertilizers

Synthetic chemical pesticides

Yes

40

12

Conventional farming

Nagano

Chemical fertilizers

Synthetic chemical pesticides

Yes

30