| Binomial name | Nutritional value | Areas of use [17] [18] | Edible rating | Medicinal rating | Medicinal Uses |
[15] [17] | ||||||
1. | Borago officinalis L. | The leaves are rich in fatty acids, phenolic acids, pyrrolizidine alkaloids and sterols, in mineral elements: potassium and calcium [24] [25] . The seeds produce 30% oil, of which 20% is gamma-linolenic acid. | EU, GS, HF, IF, MA, ME, PO | 3 | 3 | Antirheumatic, demulcent, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, febrifuge, hypertensive soothing, poultice, sensitive skin. |
2. | Cichorium intybus L. | Rich in dietary fiber, carbohydrates, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, copper, zinc, manganese, iron and vitamin A [26] . Chicory root is a concentrated combination of three sugars (pentose, levulose and dextrose) together with taraxacum (the bitter principle of dandelion). It is especially important as a source of levulose. | AF, GS, HF, ME, PO, SU | 4 | 3 | Appetizer, bach, cardiac, cholagogue, depurative, digestive, diuretic, hypoglycemic, laxative, tonic, warts. |
3. | Malva sylvestris L. | Contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, hemodolias, sterols and steroids, etc. [27] . | EU, HF, MA, ME, PO | 3 | 3 | Antiphlogistic, astringent, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, laxative. |
4. | Papaver rhoeas L. | Rich in flavonoids and flavones. Alkaloids, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium. Amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids, phenolic compounds and flavonoids [28] . | EU, HF, ME, PO | 2 | 3 | Anodyne, cancer, emmenagogue, emollient, expectorant, hypnotic, sedative, tonic. |
5. | Portulaca oleracea L.
| Source of omega-3 fatty acids, phenolic compounds, oleracein derivatives, tocopherols (especially in the leaves) sugars (glucose and fructose), oxalic acid and fatty acids (palmitic acid and linoleic acid—strain) [29] . | AF, EU, GS, HF, MA, ME, PO, SU | 4 | 3 | Antiscorbutic, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge, vermifuge, skin, tonic. |
6. | Rumex acetosa L. | Contains vitamins A, C, K, E, B, proteins, tannins, fiber, phenolic acids (gallic, ellagic acid, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, rosmarinic, vanillic, synaptic). Pro anthocyanidins are epicatechin and epicatechin derivatives, oxalic acid [30] [31] . | HF, MA, ME, PO | 5 | 3 | Anthelmintic, antiscorbutic, astringent, depurative, diuretic, febrifuge, homeopathy, laxative, refrigerant, stomachic. |
7. | Taraxacum officinale L. | Contains sugars, organic acids, fatty acids and tocopherols. The flowers are rich in sugars, tocopherols and flavonoids (mainly luteolin, oxhezide and luteolin) [32] [33] . Source of calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, magnesium, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin C. | HF, IF, ME | 4 | 3 | Aperient, cholagoue, depurative, diuretic, hepatic, hypoglycaemic, laxative, miscellany, stomachic, tonic, warts. |
8. | Urtica dioica L.
| Rich in polysaccharides, vitamins (β-carotene), iron, potassium, manganese, calcium, silicon, phosphate and vitamin C. Its leaves contain a large amount of essential fatty acids, such as α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid, essential amino acids and carbohydrates, carotenoids that include Omega-6 fatty acids, lutein, β-carotene. 75% of the total chlorophyll content is α-chlorophyll and 25% β-chlorophyll [34] . | AF, GS, HF, MA, ME, PO, SU | 5 | 5 | Antiasthmatic, antidandruff, antirheumatic, antiseborrheic, astringent, diuretic, galactogogue, haemostatic, hypoglycemic, stings, tonic. |
9. | Tussilago farfara L. | Contains biologically active substances, polysaccharides (fructose, galactose, arabinose, glucose, xylose and uronic, acids, mucus (up to 7% - 10%), saponins, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, gallic acid, flavonoids, tannins, organic acids (malic, tartar) [35] . | HF, IF, ME, PO | 3 | 3 | Antitussive, astringent, bitter, demulcent, diaphoretic, emollient, expectorant, skin, stimulant, tonic. |
10. | Viola odorata L. | Viola odorata contains flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, stigmasterols, methyl salicylate, mucilage and vitamin C, etc. [36] . | EU, HF, MA, ME | 5 | 3 | Antiinflammatory, antirheumatic, cancer, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, emollient, expectorant, homeopathic, laxative, purgative. |
11. | Lamium album L. | A wide range of constituents is found in L. album, including flavonoids and phenolic acids, fatty acids, iridoids, triterpenes, saponins, polysaccharides, essential oils, tannins, phytoecdisteroids and mucilages [37] . | EU, IF, ME
| 2 | 3 | Antiflatulent, antispasmodic, astringent, cancer, cholagogue, depurative, diuretic, expectorant, homeopathyc, hypnotic, ophthalmic, pectoral, resolving, sedative, stiptic, tonic, vasoconstrictor, vulnerary. |
12. | Pulmonaria officinalis L. | Contains flavonoids, ascorbic and silicic acid, saponins, tannins, carotene, allantoin, rutin and mucous membranes. The plant also contains unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids [38] . | EU, ME | 2 | 3 | Astringent, demulcent, diaphoretic, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, homeopathy, ophthalmic, resolving. |
13. | Sonchus oleraceus L. | Contains flavonoids, proanthocyanids, saponins, alkaloids, fatty acids, vitamin C, carotenoids. Mineral elements: sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, copper, zinc, manganese [39] . | AF, GS, HF, MA, ME | 2 | 2 | Cancer, emmenagogue, febrifuge, hepatic, hydrologist, poultice, tonic, warts. |
14. | Thymus serpyllum L.
| Contains flavonoids, tannins, terpenoid compounds, volatile oil (containing mainly thymol, carvacrol, p-cimen, linalool, α-pinene and other mono and sesquiterpenes (β-caryophyllenes, germacren D or nerolidol), phenolic acids rosemary) and flavonoids (quercitin, eriocitrin, luteolin, apigenin, serpyllin) [40] . | EU, MA, ME | 4 | 3 | Anthelmintic, antirheumatic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, deodorant, diaphoretic, disinfectant, expectorant, sedative, tonic. |
15. | Arctium lappa L.
| Volatile oil, lignans, lactones, caffeic acid derivatives, including chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid, polysaccharides (fructose), mucilages (xyloglucans, xylanic acids), riterpenes: phytosterols and tannins [41] . | HF, MA, ME, PO | 4 | 3 | Antibacterial, antifungal, antiphlogistic, antipsoriatic, aperient, blood purifier, carminative, cholagogue, depurative, diaphoretic, diuretic, hypoglycemic, stomachic. |
16. | Anethum graveolens L. | Source of essential oils, proteins, fiber, fatty oil, carbohydrates and macroelements (calcium, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium), vitamin A and niacin [42] . | EU, GS, HF, MA, ME
| 4 | 3 | Anti Halitosis, aromatic, carminative, diuretic, galactogog, stimulant, stomachic. |