Milk

Contact angle (˚)

Surface free energy components (mJm⁻²)

Diiodomethane

Formamide

Water

γ^LW

γ⁻

γ⁺

ΔG_iWi

Untreated

46.4

(1.2)

45.8

(1.6)

36.5

(1.0)

36.3

(1.3)

54

(1.5)

00

(1.2)

42.74

(1.3)

Glass skimmed milk

63.9

(1.5)

70.7

(1.2)

82.1

(1.3)

26.3

(1.2)

0.1

(1.23)

10.1

(1.39)

−35.6

(1.44)

Glass whole milk

54.7

(1.7)

89.7

(2.1)

95.1

(2.2)

95.6

(1.9)

9.3

(2.23)

2.8

(1.89)

−28.69

(2.35)