Amino acid

p-value

Processing

Raw

Popped

Fermented

Mean ± SD

Mean ± SD

% variation

Mean ± SD

% variation

Arginine

p < 0.01

2.0 ± 1.2 a

0.8 ± 0.6 b

−60

0.3 ± 0.1 c

−85

Cysteine

1.0 ± 0.3 b

0.5 ± 0.1 c

−50

3.7 ± 0.7 a

270

Histidine

1.4 ± 0.2 b

0.4 ± 0.1 c

−71

4.6 ± 2.6 a

229

Isoleucine

0.4 ± 0.1 b

0.1 ± 0.1 c

−75

2.8 ± 0.5 a

600

Leucine

0.3 ± 0.1 b

0.1 ± 0.1 c

−67

6.5 ± 1.4 a

2067

Lysine

1.1 ± 0.2 b

0.7 ± 0.2 c

−36

2.0 ± 0.6 a

82

Methionine

0.4 ± 0.2 b

0.1 ± 0.1 c

−75

2.6 ± 0.5 a

550

Phenylalanine

0.2 ± 0.1 b

0.0 ± 0.0 c

−100

3.5 ± 0.8 a

1650

Threonine

0.0 ± 0.0 b

0.0 ± 0.0 b

-

0.2 ± 0.0 a

100

Tryptophan

1.0 ± 0.3 b

0.1 ± 0.1 c

−90

2.1 ± 0.7a

110

Tyrosine

0.5 ± 0.1 a

0.0 ± 0.1 b

−100

0.5 ± 0.4 a

-

Valine

0.6 ± 0.1 b

0.3 ± 0.2 c

−50

4.0 ± 0.7 a

344

Alanine

0.9 ± 0.3 b

0.5 ± 0.3 c

−44

5.2 ± 1.2 a

478

Aspartic acid

1.5 ± 0.5 b

0.5 ± 0.2 c

−67

2.3 ± 0.5 a

53

Glutamic acid

3.1 ± 1.2 a

0.6 ± 0.4 b

−81

3.2 ± 1.7 a

-

Glycine

0.9 ± 0.4 b

0.8 ± 0.5 c

−11

3.6 ± 1.2 a

300

Ornithine

0.2 ± 0.0 b

0.1 ± 0.0 c

−50

2.1 ± 1.0 a

950

Proline

2.5 ± 1.0 a

0.4 ± 0.3 c

−84

2.4 ± 1.3 b

4

Serine

1.3 ± 0.7 b

0.3 ± 0.2 c

−77

1.7 ± 0.3 a

31

Ammonia

2.2 ± 0.8 b

3.2 ± 0.6 c

−46

14.1 ± 2.3 a

541