| 19) Team leadership It is a dynamic leadership: leadership can be shared, or different people can provide leadership at different times of the team tasks |
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| Leader fulfils relational roles e.g. managing conflicts and environmental roles e.g. networking. | Leaders fulfils the task roles e.g. goal focusing. | Team performance and development. |
| 20) Strategic Leadership Strategic leadership ensures that the firm competes effectively in the turbulent environment, not just in the present but also in the long term | Leader helps with emphasizing ethical practice. |
| Leader helps with exploiting and maintaining core competencies and developing human capital. | Leader helps with determining strategic direction, establishing balanced organizational controls and sustaining an effective organizational culture. | Effective strategic leadership
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| 21) Ethical leadership Ethical leadership is guided by moral values or universally accepted principles | Leaders set ethical standards and ethics governs decision making. They respect others, show justice and value honest. |
| Leaders model behaviour for followers, they explain to followers why they made certain decisions, serve others, and build community. |
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| 22) Upper echelon Why do organizations behave the way they do? The top executives (upper echelon) make company after its own image; what we see in organizations is as a result of executives’ characteristics |
| Leaders’ characteristics can be psychological like cognitive base value or observable like age. |
| Leaders make strategic choices like product innovation and acquisition. | Variability in profitability, growth and survival. |