COPD group (n = 18)

LAMA/LABA

Before inhalation

LAMA/LABA

After inhalation

p value

COPD vs Control

VC (L)

3.5 ± 0.8

3.7 ± 0.8

0.6118

%VC (%)

109.1 ± 21.5

114.3 ± 20.2

0.4706

FEV₁ (L)

2.1 ± 0.6

2.2 ± 0.6

0.4191

%FEV₁ (%)

57.9 ± 8.7

62.7 ± 13.2

0.2109