Preoperative baseline

LAMA/LABA group (n = 19)

Control group (n = 17)

COPD group

(n = 18)

p value

LAMA/LABA vs Control

COPD vs Control

VC (L)

2.7 ± 0.7

2.5 ± 0.8

3.5 ± 0.8

0.4066

0.0001

%VC (%)

99.6 ± 20.2

100.5 ± 19.2

109.1 ± 21.5

0.9909

0.4238

FEV₁ (L)

2.2 ± 0.6

2.0 ± 0.6

2.1 ± 0.6

0.5492

0.8888

%FEV₁ (%)

79.2 ± 6.4

80.9 ± 6.4

57.9 ± 8.7

0.9040

<0.0001