Indicators of professional ethics	Pre-independence era	Post-independence era	Sources
Subject knowledge	No record	Evidence	Subject teachers knowledgeable on matters related to subjects
Blending of instructional abilities and collaborative planning,	No record	Evidence	Traditional didactic methods used Traditional didactic methods still in place due to large class sizes for agriculture Mungoo and Moorad, 2015
Sexual harassment	No record	Evidence	Confirmed through behaviours such as of abuse, learner/teacher relationships leading to dropouts confirm, defilement (Ramabu, 2020)
Dropouts	Opportunity not provided	Evidence	San children dropouts for reasons of survival, both within and outside school (Mokibelo, 2014)
Inequality	Evidence	Evidence	Minority people were at risk and education challenged in education prior to 1966 (pre-independence), (Marumo and Pansiri, 2016) post-independence, inclusive education policy was adopted
Unprofessional behaviours	No record	Evidence	Child sexual abuse and children’s safety existing in schools posing unprofessional and ethical issues. Diraditsile and Rankopo (2018) . Teacher’ unprofessional behaviours including absenteeism and sexual relationships with learners reported (Marumo & Pansiri, 2016)
Insubordination and use of abusive language	Evidence	Evidence	Study confirmed teacher attitudes, corporal punishment, job satisfaction of teachers Students use vulgar language Exhibition of misconduct by students (Enwereji, Mbukanma and Chukwuere, 2017) , indiscipline (Garegae, 2008)
Negligence of duty	No record	Evidence	BOSETU—increase in student violence against teachers, hazardous working environment (Botswana Sectors of Educators Trade Union (BOSETU), 2020) . Study by Pansiri et al. (2021) , Moswela and Gobagoba (2014)
Lateness and absenteeism in school, attitudes	No record	Evidence	Students absenteeism 2005 Masogo, 2015 Kebalepile, 2014; Kelapile-Disang & Pansiri, 2023; Rammolai, 2009; Baliyan et al. (2021)
Corporal punishment	Evidence	Evidence	Existed before 1966 but a policy designed to regulate corporal punishment after 1966, Jonas (2012) . See The Global Partnership to End Violence against Children (2022)
Drunkenness	No record	Evidence	Confirmed by study by IARD report (2017) final report alcohol consumer survey Botswana for international alliance for responsible drinking
Secularization	Evidence	Evidence	Nkomazana and Setume (2016)
Corruption and robbery	Yes	Yes	Corruption viewed as the existence of colonial policies and 0practices which are seen as forms of antisocial behaviours which can from the pre-independence. Mulinge and Lesetedi (2002) ;