| Characteristics | Synthetic DNA | mRNA | Viral vector |
| Starting material | Plasmid DNA | Plasmid DNA | Plasmid DNA |
| Injected material | Plasmid DNA/by EP | mRNA in LNP | AAV, Ad vector |
| In vivo product | mAb, BsMAb | mAb, BsMAb | mAb, BsMAb |
| Transient | Yes | Yes | Yes; however, rare cases may integrate (AAV) |
| Cell compartment | Nucleus | Cytoplasm | Nucleus |
| Integration | None observed in humans | Low probability data early | Possible |
| Anti-vector immunity | No | No | Yes, serotype specific |
| Duration of a single administration | Weeks/months | Days/weeks | Months/years |
| Delivery route | ID, IM | IV, IM/ID | IM, IN, IV, IC, IO, IT |
| Tissue specificity/ tropism | Local site of administration | Non-specific | Serotype dependent |
| Vector take | High in animals | High in preclinical | Variable |
| Human safety | Very safe | Ongoing trials, SAEs reported | Safe but potential for integration (AAV) |
| Ease of manufacturing | Yes | Likely yes with caveats | Moderate |
| Cold-chain free | Yes | Possible (with LNP) No (without LNP) | No |