Standard:

Alternative:

Mass

M (kg)

$M_g$ (collision-time mass)

Energy

$E=M{c}^2$ (joule)

$E_g=M_g{c}_g$ (gravitational energy)

Gravitational constant

G

$c_g\text{m}/\text{s}$

Non observable (contains GMm)

Gravity force

$F=G\frac{Mm}{R^2}\left(\text{kg}\cdot \text{m}\cdot {\text{s}}^{-2}\right)$

$F=c_g\frac{E_g{E}_g}{R^2}\text{m}/\text{s}$

Observable predictions, identical for the two methods: (contains only GM)

Gravity acceleration

$g=\frac{GM}{R^2}$

$g=c_g^2\frac{E_g}{R^2}$

Orbital velocity

$v_o=\sqrt{\frac{GM}{R}}$

$v_o=c_g\sqrt{\frac{E_g}{R}}$

Orbital time

$T=\frac{2\pi R}{\sqrt{\frac{GM}{R}}}$

$T=\frac{2\pi \sqrt{R^3}}{c_g\sqrt{E_g}}$

Velocity ball Newton cradle

$v_{out}=\sqrt{2\frac{GM}{R^2}H}$

$v_{out}=\frac{c_g}{R}\sqrt{2E_{g}H}$

Periodicity Pendulum (clock)

$T=2\pi \sqrt{\frac{L}{g}}=2\pi R\sqrt{\frac{L}{GM}}$

$T=\frac{2\pi R}{c_g}\sqrt{\frac{L}{E_g}}$

Frequency Newton spring

$f=\frac{1}{2\pi }\sqrt{\frac{k}{m}}=\frac{1}{2\pi R}\sqrt{\frac{GM}{x}}$

$f=\frac{c_g}{2\pi R}\sqrt{\frac{E_g}{x}}$

Gravitational red shift

$z=\frac{\sqrt{1-\frac{2GM}{R_1{c}^2}}}{\sqrt{1-\frac{2GM}{R_2{c}^2}}}-1$

$z=\frac{\sqrt{1-\frac{2E_g}{R_L}}}{\sqrt{1-\frac{2E_g}{R_h}}}-1$

Time dilation

$T_R=T_f\sqrt{1-\frac{2GM}{R{c}^2}}$

$T_R=T_f\sqrt{1-\frac{2E_g}{R}}$

Gravitational deflection (GR)

$\delta =\frac{4GM}{c^{2}R}$

$\delta =\frac{4E_g}{R}$

Advance of perihelion

$\sigma =\frac{6\pi GM}{a\left(1-e^2\right)c^2}$

$\sigma =\frac{6\pi E_g}{a\left(1-e^2\right)}$

Micro lensing

$\theta =\sqrt{\frac{4GM}{c^2}\frac{d_s-d_L}{d_s{d}_L}}$

$\theta =2\sqrt{E_g\frac{d_s-d_L}{d_s{d}_L}}$

Indirectly/“hypothetical” observable predictions: (contains only GM)

Gravitational parameter

$\mu =GM$

$\mu =c_g^2{E}_g$

Two body problem

$\mu =G\left(M_1+M_2\right)$

$\mu =c_g^2\left(E_{g,1}+E_{g,2}\right)$

Constants needed

G, c

Only $c_g$ $(c_g=c)$