variables

direct effects

indirect effects

total effects

lnRGDP

−13.52***

(4.04)

13.98

(8.77)

0.46

(8.57)

lnRGDP²

1.45***

(0.41)

−1.48*

(0.89)

−0.03

(0.88)

lnRGDP³

−0.05***

(0.01)

0.05*

(0.03)

0.00

(0.03)

IS

−0.11***

(0.04)

−0.01

(0.09)

−0.12

(0.11)

FDI

−0.83***

(0.70)

3.38*

(1.83)

2.55

(2.13)

URB

1.66***

(0.51)

0.74

(1.26)

2.39*

(1.42)

R&D

−6.89371*

(3.88)

−20.00**

(8.56)

−26.90***

(10.31)

ELE

2.00***

(0.32)

−0.73

(1.37)

1.26

(1.47)

lnPOP

0.82***

(0.25)

−1.49**

(0.64)

−0.67

(0.63)