Household poverty dimensions and indicators

Forest dependence dimensions

Dependence on animal species

Dependence on forest resources

Direct effects (SE)

Indirect effects (SE)

Direct effects (SE)

Indirect effects

(SE)

Food insecurity

0.296 (0.116)^*

0.445 (0.136)^*

Eating non preferred food frequently (FI1)

0.012 (0.103)

0.018 (0.154)

Eating inadequate food frequently (FI2)

0.084 (0.118)

0.126 (0.176)

Skipping meals frequently (FI3)

0.332 (0.139)^*

0.499 (0.156)^*

Insufficient annual production of food (FI4)

0.296 (0.116)^*

0.445 (0.136)^*

Health insecurity

0.130 (0.045)^*

0.175 (0.045)^*

Inability to access healthcare centers (HI1)

0.130 (0.045)^*

0.175 (0.045)^*

No access to government subsidized health care program (HI2)

−0.049 (0.035)

−0.066 (0.045)

Unavailability of clean water (HI4)

0.155 (0.079)^*

0.209 (0.095)^*

Education insecurity

0.083 (0.101)

0.032 (0.042)

High adult illiteracy rate (EDI1)

0.366 (0.096)^*

0.139 (0.343)

Access to scholastic materials for children (EDI2)

−0.346 (0.146)^*

−0.452 (0.143)^*

−0.131 (0.322)

Dropping out of school because of lack of food (EDI4)

0.032 (0.042)

Economic insecurity

−0.169 (0.142)

−0.148 (0.127)

Poor productivity of agricultural land (ECI1)

0.083 (0.101)

0.253 (0.422)

Animal crop-raiding (ECI2)

0.090 (0.154)

0.078 (0.136)

Lack of assets in livestock (ECI3)

−0.211 (0.429)

−0.185 (0.377)

Lack of diverse income sources (ECI4)

−0.169 (0.142)

−0.148 (0.127)