SN

Author, year

Sample size

Sampling method

Key Findings

1

Alanazi et al., 2020

123

Cross-sectional study

Low awareness level in patients with acute myocardial infarction about modifiable risk factors like diet, PA, and obesity.

2

Almalki et al., 2019

468

Cross-sectional study

Three-quarter of the participants were aware about the risk of fast food and to lesser extent consuming soft-drinks.

3

Ghamri et al., 2019

250

Cross-sectional study

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the third cause of death in hospitalized patients after car accidents and old age. Patients with CHD mentioned that they are consuming unhealthy diet according to their physicians. Barristers to PA include disability or issues from current illness. Women had higher risk to CVD than men.

4

Alqahtani et al., 2021

26,000

National Survey

PA was shown to be highest in adolescent age group and lower as people age to reach its lowest level after 65 years. Barriers to PA include lack of available facilities and lack of desire.

5

Ahmed et al., 2017

550

Cross-sectional epidemiological analysis

Epidemiological studies are essential to develop a clear idea about the risk factors of CVDs and implement interventions to manipulate them. Most prominent risk factors are dyslipidemia and abdominal obesity, which are found in 75% of the participants in all age groups, both male and female. 50% of these patients did not get treatment, and those on treatment did not show good lipid-profile results.

6

Al-Zoughool et al., 2018

303

Cross-sectional study

PA enhance the life style of all ages through school and working years similarly.PA reduces the level of hypertension. Hypertension have an accumulative effect to increase the risk of developing CVDs.

7

Al-Bakr et al., 2016

1233

Cross-sectional study

Females with medium educational levels showed the highest level of obesity, high blood pressure, and cholesterol, which can be attributed to the lower level of awareness about the importance of physical activity in reducing various chronic diseases. Female in the eastern region was found to have the highest prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity than any other region.

8

Alkhaldy et al., 2019

80

Preliminary Cross-Sectional Study

Saudi diet guidelines revealed that CVD patients consumed less fruits, vegetables and non-alcoholic bear.

9

Alahmed & Lobelo, 2018

>50,000

Summary of articles

PA is a beneficial indicator to promote physical and mental health and prevent disease. PA reduces depression, diabetes, high blood pressure, CVDs, and cancers including breast and colon. counseling in PHC promoted increase patients’ awareness about the importance of PA and led to increasing the level of PA in those patients.

10

Alshaikh et al., 2016

61 studies

Systematic review

Hypertension was low among students but reached above 20% in women older than 40years. Rate of diabetes increased in elderly men.

11

Almaqhawi, 2022

12

Semi-structured interviews

Establish a pricing strategy to decrease the prices of participating in gyms. Educate the public through social media about the importance of PA. Aware family parents encourage their kids to participate in more PA related practices.

12

Khouja et al., 2020

31

Randomized controlled trial

Younger age patients shown to improve better when ethane the function of risk factors to CVD.

13

Al-Ghalib & Salim, 2018

60

Quasi experiment

Mindful meditation has increased physical, spiritual and psychological awareness, lowered the level of anxiety, and enhanced the quality of life. Professionals believe it is essential to introduce mediation, including religious practices, as a psychological intervention for various chronic diseases.

14

Alkhabaz et al., 2022

3947

Systematic analysis

Meditation was shown to reduce stress, anxiety, and SBP. MBSR showed to dramatically reduce SBP and DBP in prehypertensive patients. There was no significant change in stage 1-hypertensive patients who did not take their medications.

15

Abomoelak et al., 2022

142

Clinical trial

494 genes that have brain function, muscle and cardiac relaxation had significantly differential response. PM upregulated TIN gene that is vital for skeletal and cardiac muscle synthesis.

16

Alissa et al., 2018

210

case-control study

AEHI supplements the body with enough ascorbic acid, carotids, fibers, omega-3-fatty acids, and other essential nutrients for healthy cardiac function. diet quality as measured by Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) and coronary risk as determined by carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) among Saudi adults.

17

Algaeed et al., 2019

679

Cross-sectional study

Many believe that dietary supplements and multivitamins can cover-up for the shortage of poor diet, and are aware about the side effects of overusing them. Pharmacists and internet search were among primary methods to get supplement information.

18

Alasqah et al., 2021

>14,000

Systematic review

PA among school kids range from 4% to below 45%. A positive correlation seen between healthy eating fruits, vegetables, and PA. Barriers to PA include lack of transportation and family support, and lack of well-priced facilities.

19

Altaleb et al., 2017

181

Cross-sectional study

Hypothyroidism in contrast to hyperthyroidism showed higher association with CVD including heart failure, and ischemic heart disease.

20

Mujamammiet al., 2020

1167

Cross-sectional study

There was no difference in awareness among groups with different educational level. Northern Riyadh population had more awareness than other parts of Riyadh.

21

El-Ashker et al., 2021

284

Cross-sectional study

A Saudi survey conducted on a community-based national epidemiological health study on more than 17,000 adults between 30 and 70 years of age demonstrated the prevalence of obesity in more than 35% of the study group. Number of Prehypertension and obesity cases is increasing in young adults in Saudi.

22

Alduraywish et al., 2022

383

Cross-sectional study

Age was a vital factor to determine level of awareness. Saudis more than 40 years old are more aware about CVDs and risk factors.

23

Albadrani et al., 2020

1042

Cross-sectional study

Awareness level was different among different demographic levels like education, and social status.

24

AlFaleh et al., 2015

2031

Metacentric, observational study

Referral to cardiac catheterization after MI is associated with socio economic level.

25

Cader et al., 2022

not mentioned

Summary of articles

SA initiated various registries to determine patient with different CVD including, the Saudi Project for Assessment of Coronary Events (SPACE), and Saudi Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry Program (STARS-1 Program).

26

Alhabib et al., 2020

2047

cohort study

Most prevalent risk factors in the Saudi population are low PA in 66.6%, obesity in 50%, eating junk food, and hypertension in 33.3%, 25% being diabetic, and have dyslipidemia.

27

AlQuaiz et al., 2019

2997

Cross-sectional study

Age group below 50 years had the most prevalent cases of CVD in SA.

28

Alreshidi et al., 2020

304

Cross-sectional study

Hypercholesterolemia is associated with decreased PA. Hypercholesterolemia increases the risk of CVD due to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. PA maintains a proper weight and reduces the risk of developing much comorbidity.

29

Kamel & Otaibi, 2018

181

Cross-sectional study

Food products like mozzarella cheese, butter, and whipping cream are found to be high in trans fats. Cakes, pies, bread, crackers and samposa have even higher percentage of trans fats that reached to more than 90%. Food labeling of zero trans-fat doesn’t mean it is free from trans-fat which is a point that needs educational programs among the Saudi population.

30

Jenkins et al., 2021

137,851

Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiological Study

High fiber food low in glycemic index is proven to lower the risk of developing many chronic diseases and hence mortality rate.

31

Alowais et al., 2019

351

Cross-sectional study

Mostly used supplements arranged in decreasing percentage of use are multivitamins, Vitamin D, iron, calcium, omega-3, vitamin B and folic acid. Many of supplement users donot have full information about the supplements they use.

32

Chamsi-Pasha et al., 2021

not mentioned

Summary of articles

Prayer, which is a type of meditation and PA have shown to reduce SBP and DBP. As meditation, prayer increases the sense of security and boosts mental health.

33

Osama & Malik., 2019

34

Systematic review

Salah is a form of meditation that stimulate parasympathetic nervus system, reduces anxiety and influences balance in both adults and

34

Alhassan et al., 2017

156

retrospective descriptive study

Dyslipidemia is a strong risk to ACS especially in male. Diabetic is a single most prominent risk to develop ACS with increases death rates compared to ACS patients without diabetes.

35

Farquhar et al., 2018

158

Systematic review

A study of 34 interventions involving PA, showed almost only one third reduction in anxiety, whereas two thirds showed no effect of PA in reducing anxiety. Depression as a risk factor to CHD rather than anxiety.

36

Gutierrez et al., 2018

432

Cross-sectional study

Working age individuals who had favorable risk profile and low expenditure on healthcare are found to have healthier, and longer span of life after the age of 65 [33] .

37

Alzahrani et al., 2019

92

Cross-sectional study

Some physicians are not interested to identify secondary risk factors of CVDs.

38

Shehab et al., 2020

15,532

Registry Review

Men have found to have more information about guidelines to recommendations of drugs use after hospital discharge than women. Women younger than 65 years have higher rate of in-hospital mortality than men do.

39

Takieddin et al., 2022

615

retrospective records review

ACS, a risk factor to CDV, has a high recovery rate of more than 99%. Men are more susceptible to ACS and have higher lipid profile than women admitted to hospitals.

40

Alzahrani et al., 2019

854

Cross-sectional study

CVD is increasing significantly among Low- and middle-income individuals and their families. This increase is accompanying the rapid economic change in the SA leading individuals to be more sedentary, consume poor diet, and smoke more.