Fault location

Fault initial angle/(˚)

circuit

The data of reactive power

Identification result

$Q_1\left(\text{kvar}\right)$

${\lambda }_M$

$Q_3\left(\text{kvar}\right)$

${\lambda }_N$

${\rho }_{{\rm I}}$

$Q_2\left(\text{kvar}\right)$

$Q_4\left(\text{kvar}\right)$

${\rho }_{{\rm I}{\rm I}}$

A phase grounded short circuit occurs on line L₄ at a distance of 50 km from bus N; transitional resistance is 100 Ω

5

I circuit

8.2278e−01

1.0000

3.2481e−03

1.000

2.5331e+05

External fault

II circuit

8.2278e−01

3.2481e−03

2.5331e+05

External fault

15

I circuit

3.5450e+00

1.0000

1.2243e−02

1.000

2.8955e+05

External fault

II circuit

3.5450e+00

1.2243e−02

2.8955e+05

External fault

45

I circuit

9.9380e+00

1.0000

5.3274e−02

1.000

1.8654e+05

External fault

II circuit

9.9380

5.3274e−02

1.8654e+05

External fault

90

I circuit

2.8121e+01

1.0000

1.2000e−01

1.000

2.3433e+05

External fault

II circuit

2.8121e+01

1.2000e−01

2.3433e+05

External fault

120

I circuit

1.5383e+01

1.0000

9.2246e−02

1.000

1.6676e+05

External fault

II circuit

1.5383e+01

9.2246e−02

1.6676e+05

External fault

AC phase grounded short circuit occurs on line L₄ at a distance of 100 km from bus N

5

I circuit

5.1890

1.0000

2.0336e−02

1.000

2.5516e+05

External fault

II circuit

5.1890

9.2246e−02

5.6252e+04

External fault

15

I circuit

1.4780

1.0000

5.0523e−03

1.000

2.9254e+05

External fault

II circuit

1.4780

5.0523e−03

2.9254e+05

External fault

45

I circuit

5.1610

1.0000

2.1929e−02

1.000

2.3535e+05

External fault

II circuit

5.1610

2.1929e−02

2.3535e+05

External fault

90

I circuit

3.6353e+01

1.0000

1.5434e−01

1.000

2.3553e+05

External fault

II circuit

3.6353e+01

1.5434e−01

2.3553e+05

External fault

120

I circuit

3.5642e+01

1.0000

2.1201e−01

1.000

1.6812e+05

External fault

II circuit

3.5642e+01

2.1201e−01

1.6812e+05

External fault