| 31. | | 14 Slovak ID children (CA: 5.3 - 6.11 years)/14 TDC (CA: 3.0 - 7.0 years) matched on nonverbal reasoning abilities | Slovak standardized adaptation of the Raven’s CPM Slovak version, part of LITMUS COST IS0804 Battery TROG-2 Slovak version of the original Italian task TOR 3 - 8 for listening comprehension | All groups performed the best at the word level, followed by sentence level and, finally, story level. Strong link with CA and all levels of comprehension only in the TD group, whereas no link with CA at the word level. Strong relationships between verbs, nouns, and sentences in both groups showing close ties between lexicon and grammar. TDC: relationships between knowledge of verbs, sentence, and story levels, but the group of children with ID lacked this relationship. Sentences in the story longer (9.32 words on average) and more complex, including many coordinate and subordinate clauses. Better comprehension of nouns than verbs. Both typical and clinical groups: clear benefit of a simple SVO structure and struggled with relative clauses, while structures with negations in particular caused more difficulties in ID group. No difference from TDC in other categories of sentence comprehension (function words and relative clauses). Interestingly, children with ID did not show a lower performance on relative clauses compared with TDC, although this group of syntactic structures was the most challenging for both groups. |
| 32. | | 35 American FXS boys without autism (CA: 2.9 - 14.4 years)/36 boys with FXS with autism spectrum (CA: 3.5 - 14.0 years)/31 boys with DS (CA: 4.3 - 16.0 years)/46 TD boys (CA: 2.1 - 6.6 years) | Brief IQ composite of the Leiter International Performance Scale-R ADOS Conversational language samples (MLU, IPSyn) | FXS + DS: shorter, less complex utterances overall and less complex noun phrases, verb phrases, and sentence structures than did the TD boys. FXS with ASD group + DS group, but not the FXS-only group, produced fewer complex questions/negations than did the TD. Compared with the DS group, both FXS groups produced longer, more complex utterances overall. FXS + DS have distinctive language profiles, although both groups demonstrated syntactic delays. Boys with DS showed greater delays. |
| 33. | | 35 American FXS boys without autism (CA: 3.9 - 15.9 years)/24 FXS with autism spectrum (CA: 4.5 - 15.1)/19 FXS with autism (CA: 5.4 - 15.5 years)/45 boys with DS (CA: 5.4 - 16.0 years)/40 TD boys (CA: 3.1 - 8.6 years) | TACL-3: Vocabulary, Grammatical Morphology, and Elaborated Phrases and Sentences. Leiter-R: figure ground, form completion, sequential order and repeated patterns. | No difference in FXS group, but there were differences between syndromes. DS: lower scores in language comprehension than boys with FXS without autism and TD, but not significant difference from FXS-Spec. or FXS-Aut. Also, lower receptive morphology and syntax skills than those of TDC. Differences among FXS and DS in receptive language levels, demonstrating unique language profiles for each syndrome. |