Heavy metal | Sources | Effect(s) to human health | References |
Mn | Rocks weathering, wastewater discharges. | Disturbances in circulatory system, brain damage, promote tumour development, hypotension, and retard foetus development. | [56] |
Pb | Production of batteries, smelting and metal plating process, exhaust from vehicles, pigment additives, gasoline, fertilizers and herbicides. | Brain and kidney damage, hypertension, arthritis, mental retardation, birth defects, autism, hyperactivity, psychosis, dyslexia, hallucinations, insomnia, dizziness, muscular weakness, fatigue, allergies, headache, appetite loss, weight loss. | [40] |
V | Weathering of earth crust, volcanic emissions, metallurgical works, crude oil and coal burning. | Potent inhibitor of many enzymes and cholesterol biosynthesis, reduce plasma cholesterol level, respiratory irritation. | [59] [60] |
Zn | Mining activities, smelting process, steel production, coal burning. | Nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, lethargy, and fatigue. | [61] |