| N | Mean | SD | Sig | |||||
pretest | posttest | pretest | posttest | pretest | posttest | pretest | posttest | ||
1) Motivation | male | 28 | 32 | 3.50 | 3.36 | 0.77 | 0.81 | 0.802 | 0.239 |
female | 475 | 457 | 3.53 | 3.49 | 0.62 | 0.55 | |||
total | 503 | 489 | 3.53 | 3.48 | 0.63 | 0.57 | |||
2) Instrumental Orientation | male | 29 | 32 | 3.66 | 3.43 | 0.73 | 0.75 | 0.764 | 0.078 |
female | 479 | 457 | 3.70 | 3.61 | 0.63 | 0.54 | |||
total | 508 | 489 | 3.69 | 3.60 | 0.63 | 0.56 | |||
3) Integrative Orientation | male | 29 | 32 | 3.43 | 3.30 | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.638 | 0.581 |
female | 480 | 458 | 3.37 | 3.37 | 0.70 | 0.63 | |||
total | 509 | 490 | 3.37 | 3.36 | 0.71 | 0.65 | |||
4) Motivational Intensity | male | 30 | 32 | 2.31 | 2.30 | 0.37 | 0.46 | 0.019 | 0.106 |
female | 484 | 458 | 2.15 | 2.19 | 0.36 | 0.38 | |||
total | 514 | 490 | 2.15 | 2.20 | 0.36 | 0.39 | |||
5) Attitude | male | 30 | 32 | 3.62 | 3.27 | 0.68 | 0.70 | 0.211 | 0.109 |
female | 483 | 455 | 3.48 | 3.43 | 0.55 | 0.50 | |||
total | 513 | 487 | 3.49 | 3.42 | 0.56 | 0.52 | |||
6) Strategy | male | 30 | 31 | 3.34 | 3.15 | 0.92 | 0.79 | 0.031 | 0.891 |
female | 465 | 445 | 3.08 | 3.16 | 0.60 | 0.54 | |||
total | 495 | 476 | 3.10 | 3.16 | 0.62 | 0.52 | |||
7) Anxiety | male | 29 | 32 | 2.95 | 3.13 | 0.66 | 0.54 | 0.083 | 0.882 |
female | 475 | 444 | 3.12 | 3.14 | 0.50 | 0.44 | |||
total | 504 | 476 | 3.11 | 3.14 | 0.51 | 0.44 | |||
8) English levels | male | 30 | 32 | 1.80 | 1.87 | 0.99 | 1.07 | 0.043 | 0.005 |
female | 480 | 458 | 1.50 | 1.47 | 0.76 | 0.75 | |||
total | 510 | 490 | 1.51 | 1.50 | 0.78 | 0.78 |