participants

pretest

posttest

sig

pretest

posttest

Mean

SD

Mean

SD

motivation

514

489

3.52

0.63

3.47

0.57

0.102

attitude

514

489

3.49

0.56

3.42

0.52

0.005

Motivational intensity

514

490

2.16

0.36

2.19

0.39

0.096

instrumental

514

487

3.69

0.63

3.59

0.56

0.001

integrative

514

490

3.36

0.71

3.35

0.65

0.863

strategy

514

489

3.10

0.63

3.16

0.54

0.054

anxiety

514

489

3.11

0.51

3.14

0.44

0.263