| participants | pretest | posttest | sig | |||
pretest | posttest | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
motivation | 514 | 489 | 3.52 | 0.63 | 3.47 | 0.57 | 0.102 |
attitude | 514 | 489 | 3.49 | 0.56 | 3.42 | 0.52 | 0.005 |
Motivational intensity | 514 | 490 | 2.16 | 0.36 | 2.19 | 0.39 | 0.096 |
instrumental | 514 | 487 | 3.69 | 0.63 | 3.59 | 0.56 | 0.001 |
integrative | 514 | 490 | 3.36 | 0.71 | 3.35 | 0.65 | 0.863 |
strategy | 514 | 489 | 3.10 | 0.63 | 3.16 | 0.54 | 0.054 |
anxiety | 514 | 489 | 3.11 | 0.51 | 3.14 | 0.44 | 0.263 |