| Characteristics | Categories | n | % |
| Age (N = 29) | M ± SD | 82.90 | 5.67 |
|
| 68 ~ 80 | 10 | 33.3 |
|
| 81 ~ 85 | 7 | 24.1 |
|
| 86 ~ 90 | 11 | 37.9 |
|
| >90 | 2 | 7.0 |
| Gender | Male | 3 | 10.0 |
|
| Female | 27 | 90.0 |
| Religion | Christianity | 18 | 60.0 |
|
| Buddhism | 4 | 13.3 |
|
| None | 5 | 16.7 |
|
| Other | 3 | 10.0 |
| Marital status | Widowed | 23 | 76.7 |
|
| Not-married | 4 | 13.3 |
|
| other | 3 | 10.0 |
|
| None | 18 | 60.0 |
| Educationlevel | Elementary | 11 | 36.7 |
|
| Middle | 1 | 3.3 |
|
Family visiting (a month) | Yes | 12 | 40.0 |
| No | 18 | 60.0 | |
| Economical status | Middle | 2 | 6.7 |
|
| Low | 28 | 93.3 |
| Health status | Good | 2 | 6.7 |
|
| Fair | 7 | 23.3 |
|
| Bad | 21 | 70.0 |
|
Total time of a day outdoor activities in (min) | M ± SD | 42.0 | 42.86 |
| None | 10 | 33.3 | |
| <1 hr | 6 | 20.0 | |
| 1 hr ~ 3 hr | 14 | 46.7 |