| 88:1378-87. Reference [4] | on day 28 (daily dose group 43.9 +/− 11.8, range 22 - 71 ng/mL; single dose group 41.2 +/− 8.9, range 26 - 60 ng/mL). Human milk cholecalciferol concentrations mirrored serum concentrations, with peak values approximately 25% of serum values on day 1 in the single dose group. Human milk 25(OH)D was undetectable in all samples. By day 28, serum 25(OH)D had a nearly identical increase in the infants of both groups (significance not provided). By day 28, all infants achieved a serum 25(OH)D concentration > 20 ng/mL. The increase of the infant’s 25(OH)D concentration was not related to their mother’s increase of 25(OH)D concentration (r = 0.07, P = 0.64). No adverse events during the study were attributed to vitamin D. | ||||
| Hollis BW, Wagner CL. Vitamin D requirements during lactation: high-dose maternal supplementation as therapy to prevent hypovitaminosis D for both the mother and the nursing infant. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004, 80:1752S-8S. Reference [12] | Randomized Controlled Trial | Positive | 18 fully breastfeeding mother-infant pairs in Charleston, South Carolina | Group 1: Maternal supplement 1600 IU vitamin D2 + 400 IU vitamin D3 Group 2: Maternal supplement 3600 IU vitamin D2 + 400IU vitamin D3 Infants not supplemented | No adverse events were observed from taking up to 10 times the DRI for vitamin D for lactating women for a period of 3 months. Group 1 exhibited decreased vitamin D3 (P < 0.02) but increased vitamin D2 (P < 0.0001). The total circulating 25(OH)D (vitamin D2 and D3) increased from 27.6 +/− 3.3 to 36.1 +/− 2.3 ng/mL (P < 0.05). In group 2, total circulating 25(OH)D increased from 32.9 +/− 2.4 to 44.5 +/− 3.9 ng/mL (P < 0.04). Both vitamin D2 and D3 also increased (P < 0.04 and P < 0.06, respectively). Although 25(OH)D3 concentrations did not differ between groups during the study period, there were significant differences between the 2 groups with respect to 25(OH)D2 concentrations (P < 0.01), with higher concentrations in the 4000 IU group. Group 1 exhibited increases in milk ARA from 35.5 +/− 3.5 to 69.7 +/− 3.0 IU/L (P < 0.0001). Group 2 exhibited increases in milk ARA from 40.4 +/− 3.7 to 134.6 +/− 48.3 IU/L (P < 0.0001). Group 1 infants exhibited increases in circulating vitamin D3 and D2 concentrations (7.9 +/− 1.1 to 21.9 +/− 4.7 ng/mL and <0.5 to 6.0 +/− 1.0 ng/mL, respectively) (P < 0.02 and P < 0.0007, respectively). Total circulating 25(OH)D concentrations increased from 7.9 +/− 1.1 to 27.8 +/− 3.9 ng/mL (P < 0.02). Group 2 infants exhibited vitamin D3 increases (12.7 +/− 3.4 to 18.8 +/− 4.1 ng/mL, P < 0.2) and vitamin D2 increases (0.8 +/− 0.4 to 12.0 +/− 1.4 ng/mL, P < 0.0001). Total circulating 25(OH)D concentrations increased from 13.4 +/− 3.3 to 30.8 +/− 5.0 ng/mL (P < 0.01). Compared with infants in group 1, infants in group 2 exhibited higher vitamin D2 concentrations at the end of the study period (P < 0.003). |
| Haggerty LL. Maternal supplementation for prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breastfed infants. Breastfeed Med. 2011, 6:137-44. Reference [6] | Narrative Review | Negative | 5 articles reviewed | Study 1: All mothers received 400IU of vitamin D3 /day Group 1 + 1600 IU vitamin D2 /day. Group + 3600 IU of vitamin D2/day | Study 1: There was a significantly higher increase in maternal serum 25(OH)D levels (p < 0.01) and directly correlated increase in infant serum 25(OH)D levels (p < 0.003) in the group that received 4000 IU/day compared to those who received 2000 IU/day. Human milk ARA in the 4000 IU group increased significantly higher than the other group (p < 0.0001). There were no adverse events in mothers or infants from |