TMEs

Isotherm models

Model validity

References

Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cr³⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Zn²⁺

Langmuir: Zn²⁺

Freundlich: Cr³⁺

Temkin:

Mn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺

Maximum adsorption capacity (mg∙g⁻¹)

Zn²⁺: 2.09

Cr³⁺: 0.72

Heat-related adsorption constant

(mg∙L⁻¹)

Fe²⁺: 2.09

Cu²⁺: 24.98

Mn²⁺: 17.35

Farrokhzadeh et al. [11]

Zn²⁺

Langmuir Freundlich

Maximum adsorption capacity (mg∙g⁻¹)

Zn²⁺: 52.08

Zn²⁺: 50.35

Bhatti et al. [3]

Cd²⁺

Freundlich

Freundlich Constant K_F (L∙g⁻¹): 3.04

Sharma et al. [8]

Ni²⁺

Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin

Maximum adsorption capacity (mg∙g⁻¹)

Ni²⁺: 30.38

-

-

Kumar et al. 19]

Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺

Langmuir: Ni²⁺

Freundlich: Zn²⁺

Temkin: Cu²⁺

Maximum adsorption capacity (mg∙g⁻¹)

Ni²⁺: 19.08

Zn²⁺: 17.67

Cu²⁺: 11.53

Kalavathy and Miranda [2]

Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺

Langmuir: Cd²⁺ Freundlich: Pb²⁺

Maximum adsorption capacity (mg∙g⁻¹)

Cd²⁺: 38.63/Pb²⁺: 24.50

Freundlich Constant K_F (L∙g⁻¹)

Cd²⁺: 0.36/Pb²⁺: 14.22

Sahabi et al. [20]