Isotopes

Soreq Cave

Efrayim Cave

Jerusalem West Cave

Caiaphas Tomb

Nail 1

West Judea hills

Jordan Rift valley

West Jerusalem

East Jerusalem

Caiaphas tomb (?)

d¹⁸O (δ¹⁸O)

–5.7 to –5.3‰

–5.5 to –2.0‰

–6.0 to –4.6‰

–3.9‰

–4.89‰

δ¹³C (range)

–11.4 to –9.8‰

–11.0 to –8.0‰

–10 to –7‰

–8.82‰

–7.17‰

Period/time represented

Last ~5000 years

67,000 to 24,000 yr B.P.

Last ~3000 years

1^st century CE to present

1^st century CE to present