| European tradition | American tradition |
| Academic institutionalization in Europe (origins). | Administrative and academic institutionalization in the United States (origins). |
| Primary attention to science and secondly to technology | Primary attention to technology and secondly to science |
| Of theoretical descriptive nature | Of practical and valuable nature |
| Emphasison social factors | Emphasison social consequences |
| Explanatory framework: social sciences. | Evaluative framework: ethics and theory of education. |