| Experimental animal model | Cell Type/delivery | Important findings | Teratogenicity | References |
1 | Rat model of traumatic spinal injury. Cell transplantation at 9 days after injury. | Mouse ESC derived neural cells/ Direct transplantation at the injured site. | Survival of the transplanted cells until 5 weeks of observation and differentiation into astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and neurons. | Not reported | McDonald et al., 1999. |
2 | SCID mice | hESCs derived PECAM+ cells. PLGA/PLLA patch or scaffold based s.c implantation. | New micro vessels with human endothelial cells lining observed on day 7 and 14 after engraftment. | Not reported | Levenberg et al., 2002 |
3 | (MPTP-treated) monkeys, a primate model for Parkinson’s disease | Dopaminergic neurons from monkey ESC derived neurospheres treated with FGF20 and FGF2 to for differentiation. Direct injection into bilateral putamen. | Functional engraftment of dopaminergic neurons to alleviate MPTP-induced neurological symptoms | Not reported | Takagi et al., 2005 |
4 | Athymic male rat heart model of I/R injury. | hESC derived cardiomyocytes and treated with pro-survival cocktail. Cell transplantation 4 days after I/R injury by direct intramyocardial injection. | Engraftment and survival and integration of the transplanted cells. Significant attenuation of LV remodeling and preservation of cardiac function | Not reported | Laflamme et al., 2005 |
5 | Mouse model of myogenesis using cardiotoxin injection alone or with 25 Gy X-radiation. | hESCs derived myogenic precursors/IM injection. | Myogenic differentiation of xenotransplanted precursors. | No evidence of teratogenicity until 128 days of observation. | Zheng et al., 2006 |
6 | Rat model of myocardial infarction by coronary artery ligation with immunosuppression. | Direct intra-myocardial injection of hESC derived CMs and Non-CMs. | Integration of hESCs derived CMs with host CMs via gap junctions, attenuated LV-remodeling and improved LVFS. | No teratomas observed in hESC derived CMs. | Caspi et al., 2007 |
7 | Porcine model of retinal stem cell transplantation prepared by treatment of iodoacetic acid to eliminate photoreceptors | Swine iPSCs derived Rho + rod photoreceptors transplanted in to sub-retinal space of pig eye. | Successful engraftment and integration of iPSCs-derived Rho + photoreceptors into damaged neural retina of pig. | Not reported | Zhou et al., 2011 |
8 | SCID/beige mice (deficient in B and T lymphocytes and NK cells) with alloxan induced diabetes. Subcutaneous implantation model. | hESCs and their derivative pancreatic islet progenitor cells loaded into bilaminar theracytes. Subcutaneous implantation of the loaded theracytes, | Cells remain fully encapsulated. The derivative pancreatic islet cells secreted sufficient insulin to alleviate diabetes at 20 weeks after implantation. | Not reported | Kirk et al., 2014 |
9 | Macaque myocardial model of ischemia followed by reperfusion. | hESCs derived CM intramyocardial delivery | Extensive re-muscularization of myocardium and electro- mechanical junctions between donor and host myocytes. Non-fatal arrhythmias. | Not observed until 84 days of observation. | Chong et al., 2014 |
10 | Patients with Stargardt’s macular dystrophy and dry age-related macular degeneration | hESC | retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) | absent in an observation period of 4 months | Schwartz, 2012 |