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| Was It Standardized? |
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| Study, Year | Pt No. | Pathology Review | *Pre-Rx Imaging | Radiation QA/QC | Chemotherapy | Outcome |
| GITSG [13] , 1985 | 43 | No | No | No | Bolus 5-FU | Improved median survival for those who received adjuvant therapy (20 vs. 11 mo). 2 yr OS 42 vs. 15% |
| EORTC [14] , 1999 | 114 | Yes | No | No | 5-FU infusion | No statistically significant difference in survival (17.1 vs. 12.5 mo) |
| ESPAC1 [15] , 2004 | 541 | No | No | No | Bolus 5-FU | Improved median survival for chemotherapy alone (19.4 mo). No benefit for radiation |
| RTOG 9704 [19] , 2006 | 442 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Gemcitabine vs. 5-FU infusion | Nonsignificant trend favoring gemcitabine before and after chemoXRT |
| CONKO-001 [16] [58] , 2007 | 354 | No | No | N/A | Gemcitabine | Improved median disease free survival (13.4 vs. 6.9 mo) |
| ESPAC3 [17] , 2010 | 1088 | No | No | N/A | Bolus 5-FU vs. Gemcitabine | No difference in DFS or OS between 5-FU and gemcitabine |