17

Nordeng et al., [14]

Norway; Urban

Quantitative; structured surveys

N = 600 pregnant women

to investigate the use of herbal drugs by pregnant women about concurrent use of conventional medications, delivery, and pregnancy outcome

ginger, iron-rich herbs, echinacea, cranberry, raspberry leaves, and chamomile

Pregnancy, labour

18

Onyiapat et al., [9]

Enugu, Nigeria; Urban

Descriptive study; structured survey

N = 396 pregnant women

to obtain information on the use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine among pregnant women.

Herbal mixtures, herbal tea “mvuruinu,” olive oil, traditional external cephalic version, folk remedies, prayer/faith healing, vision and pregnancy ritual

Pregnancy

19

Orief et al., [38]

Alexandria, Egypt

Quantitative

N = 300 pregnant women

to elucidate the use of herbal medicines in pregnant women and to explore patterns of herbal medication use including dietary supplements in pregnant women

Ginger

Peppermint Fenugreek

Green tea Garlic

Aniseed

Pregnancy

20

Yeh et al., [7]

Taiwan; urban, rural

Quantitative; secondary analysis of National Health Insurance Research Database

N = 196350 women

evaluate the patterns of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) use among pregnant women in the National Health Insurance program in Taiwan

Not stated/not applicable

Pregnancy

21

Zamawe et al., [15]

Malawi, rural

Quantitative (randomised control trial) cross-sectional of secondary household data

N = 8219 births

assess the associations between self-reported use of Mwanamphepo (a group of herbal medicines commonly used to induce or hasten labour) and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes

Mwanamphepo (cissus/vitaceae plants species)

Labour induction