17 | Nordeng et al., [14] | Norway; Urban | Quantitative; structured surveys | N = 600 pregnant women | to investigate the use of herbal drugs by pregnant women about concurrent use of conventional medications, delivery, and pregnancy outcome | ginger, iron-rich herbs, echinacea, cranberry, raspberry leaves, and chamomile | Pregnancy, labour |
18 | Onyiapat et al., [9] | Enugu, Nigeria; Urban | Descriptive study; structured survey | N = 396 pregnant women | to obtain information on the use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine among pregnant women. | Herbal mixtures, herbal tea “mvuruinu,” olive oil, traditional external cephalic version, folk remedies, prayer/faith healing, vision and pregnancy ritual | Pregnancy |
19 | Orief et al., [38] | Alexandria, Egypt | Quantitative | N = 300 pregnant women | to elucidate the use of herbal medicines in pregnant women and to explore patterns of herbal medication use including dietary supplements in pregnant women | Ginger Peppermint Fenugreek Green tea Garlic Aniseed | Pregnancy |
20 | Yeh et al., [7] | Taiwan; urban, rural | Quantitative; secondary analysis of National Health Insurance Research Database | N = 196350 women | evaluate the patterns of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) use among pregnant women in the National Health Insurance program in Taiwan | Not stated/not applicable | Pregnancy |
21 | Zamawe et al., [15] | Malawi, rural | Quantitative (randomised control trial) cross-sectional of secondary household data | N = 8219 births | assess the associations between self-reported use of Mwanamphepo (a group of herbal medicines commonly used to induce or hasten labour) and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes | Mwanamphepo (cissus/vitaceae plants species) | Labour induction |