9

Holst et al., [31]

Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, UK; urban

Quantitative; structured survey

N = 578 pregnant women

1) describe the use and the user of herbal remedies during pregnancy

2) study the sources of information about herbs used

ginger, cranberry, and raspberry leaf, valerian, St. John’s wort, horsetail

Pregnancy, labour

10

Hwang et al., [32]

Iraq; urban

Quantitative cross-sectional; structured survey, face-to-face interviews

N = 335 pregnant women

to gain insights into the prevalence and factors leading to the use of CAM among pregnant women

black seed chamomile, cinnamon, castor oil plant, ginger

Pregnancy

11

Kaadaaga et al., [33]

Uganda; rural

Quantitative cross-sectional; structured survey

N = 260 women

to determine the prevalence and factors associated with herbal medicine use by women attending the infertility clinic.

Not stated

Pre-pregnancy

12

Kennedy et al., [4]

Europe, North and South America, and Australia; urban

Quantitative, multinational study

N = 9459

to determine the prevalence of herbal medicine, use in pregnancy and factors related to such use across participating countries and regions. The secondary aim was to investigate who recommended the use of herbal medicines in pregnancy

Motherwort, centaury, lovage cowberry, Uva ursi,

ginger and cranberry

Pregnancy

13

Mothupi [34]

Kenya; urban

Quantitative methods; structured and semi-structured interviews/survey

N = 333 women receiving ANC

to determine the pattern of use of herbal medicine in an urban setting, where women have relatively high access to public healthcare.

Not stated

Pregnancy

14

Moussally et al., [35]

Canada; urban

Quantitative; structured surveys

N = 8505 women selected from the Quebec Pregnancy Registry

1) measure the prevalence of herbal product (HP) use, alone, and concomitantly with prescribed medications during pregnancy, 2) identify the most frequently consumed HP during gestation and 3) determine predictors of HP use at the beginning of pregnancy, and during the third trimester

Not stated

Pregnancy

15

Nordeng and Havnen [36]

Norway; urban

Quantitative; structured survey

N = 400 early postpartum women

assess the use of herbal drugs by pregnant women.

echinacea, iron-rich herbs, ginger, ginseng, parsley, chamomile, cranberry

Pregnancy

16

Nordeng and Havnen [37]

Norway; urban

Quantitative; structured survey

N = 400 early postpartum women

investigate the impact of socio-demographic factors, knowledge, and attitude on the use of herbal drugs in pregnancy.

valerian, ginkgo, horsetail, sage, dandelion, bearberry, hops, lemon balm echinacea, iron-rich herbs, and ginger

Pregnancy