9 | Holst et al., [31] | Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, UK; urban | Quantitative; structured survey | N = 578 pregnant women | 1) describe the use and the user of herbal remedies during pregnancy 2) study the sources of information about herbs used | ginger, cranberry, and raspberry leaf, valerian, St. John’s wort, horsetail | Pregnancy, labour |
10 | Hwang et al., [32] | Iraq; urban | Quantitative cross-sectional; structured survey, face-to-face interviews | N = 335 pregnant women | to gain insights into the prevalence and factors leading to the use of CAM among pregnant women | black seed chamomile, cinnamon, castor oil plant, ginger | Pregnancy |
11 | Kaadaaga et al., [33] | Uganda; rural | Quantitative cross-sectional; structured survey | N = 260 women | to determine the prevalence and factors associated with herbal medicine use by women attending the infertility clinic. | Not stated | Pre-pregnancy |
12 | Kennedy et al., [4] | Europe, North and South America, and Australia; urban | Quantitative, multinational study | N = 9459 | to determine the prevalence of herbal medicine, use in pregnancy and factors related to such use across participating countries and regions. The secondary aim was to investigate who recommended the use of herbal medicines in pregnancy | Motherwort, centaury, lovage cowberry, Uva ursi, ginger and cranberry | Pregnancy |
13 | Mothupi [34] | Kenya; urban | Quantitative methods; structured and semi-structured interviews/survey | N = 333 women receiving ANC | to determine the pattern of use of herbal medicine in an urban setting, where women have relatively high access to public healthcare. | Not stated | Pregnancy |
14 | Moussally et al., [35] | Canada; urban | Quantitative; structured surveys | N = 8505 women selected from the Quebec Pregnancy Registry | 1) measure the prevalence of herbal product (HP) use, alone, and concomitantly with prescribed medications during pregnancy, 2) identify the most frequently consumed HP during gestation and 3) determine predictors of HP use at the beginning of pregnancy, and during the third trimester | Not stated | Pregnancy |
15 | Nordeng and Havnen [36] | Norway; urban | Quantitative; structured survey | N = 400 early postpartum women | assess the use of herbal drugs by pregnant women. | echinacea, iron-rich herbs, ginger, ginseng, parsley, chamomile, cranberry | Pregnancy |
16 | Nordeng and Havnen [37] | Norway; urban | Quantitative; structured survey | N = 400 early postpartum women | investigate the impact of socio-demographic factors, knowledge, and attitude on the use of herbal drugs in pregnancy. | valerian, ginkgo, horsetail, sage, dandelion, bearberry, hops, lemon balm echinacea, iron-rich herbs, and ginger | Pregnancy |