| Mean (±SD) or N (%) |
| |||
| Low health literacy (<18) (N = 623) | High health literacy (≥18) (N = 725) | Pa | ||
Age (years) | 66.4 | (15.1) | 66.5 | (14.7) |
|
Elderly participants (≥65 years old) | 406 | (65.2) | 480 | (66.2) |
|
Sex (male) | 299 | (48.0) | 314 | (43.3) |
|
Anthropometric measurements |
|
|
|
|
|
Body mass index (BMI) | 23.9 | (3.6) | 23.5 | (3.3) |
|
Atherosclerotic complications |
|
|
|
|
|
Cardiovascular disease | 27 | (4.3) | 22 | (3.0) |
|
Cerebrovascular disease | 19 | (3.0) | 19 | (2.6) |
|
Hypertension-related factors |
|
|
|
|
|
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 136.1 | (17.6) | 136.3 | (17.8) |
|
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.4 | (10.1) | 76.0 | (11.2) |
|
Antihypertensive drug use (yes) | 265 | (42.5) | 287 | (39.6) |
|
Lipid-related items |
|
|
|
|
|
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 59.7 | (15.2) | 61.5 | (16.2) | * |
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 123.7 | (30.4) | 121.6 | (29.5) |
|
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 139.8 | (94.2) | 136.6 | (83.1) |
|
Antidyslipidemic drug use (yes) | 96 | (15.4) | 115 | (15.9) |
|
Diabetes-related items |
|
|
|
|
|
Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 5.61 | (0.57) | 5.60 | (0.59) |
|
Antidiabetic drug use (yes) | 18 | (2.9) | 28 | (3.9) |
|
Healthy lifestyle characteristics |
|
|
|
|
|
Alcohol consumption (less than one drink per day) | 511 | (83.0) | 599 | (83.7) |
|
Smoking behavior (non-smoker) | 529 | (84.9) | 643 | (88.8) | * |
Exercise frequency (twice or more per week) | 179 | (28.8) | 261 | (36.2) | ** |
Body mass index (18.5 - 24.9) | 403 | (64.7) | 459 | (63.3) |
|
Sleep duration (6 - 9 hours) | 498 | (80.1) | 610 | (84.5) | * |
Breakfast (every morning) | 579 | (93.2) | 682 | (95.3) |
|
Snack between meals (no) | 546 | (87.9) | 636 | (88.2) |
|
Total number of healthy lifestyle items | 5.2 | (1.1) | 5.4 | (1.1) |
|
Proportion of participants with 6 or 7 healthy lifestyle items | 268 | (43.5) | 371 | (52.3) | ** |
Health literacy |
|
|
|
|
|
Seeking information from various sources | 3.0 | (1.0) | 4.2 | (0.5) | ** |
Extracting relevant information | 2.7 | (0.9) | 4.1 | (0.5) | ** |
Understanding and communicating the information | 2.6 | (1.0) | 4.0 | (0.6) | ** |
Considering the credibility of the information | 2.7 | (0.9) | 3.9 | (0.6) | ** |
Making decisions based on the information | 2.7 | (0.9) | 3.9 | (0.6) | ** |
Total score | 13.6 | (3.2) | 20.0 | (1.7) | ** |