Location and type of soil

Weight capacity r/

(kg·m³)

Elastic modulus E/

(MPa)

Poisson’s ratio v

Angle of internal friction φ/(˚)

Cohesion c/(KPa)

Side of box culvert

(Powdery clay)

1990

32,000

0.31

15.2

10.0

Bottom of box culvert

(clay)

1700

24,000

0.30

8

25.0