Algeria

Egypt

South Africa

Level

1^st diff.

Level

1^st diff.

Level

1^st diff.

lnco₂

−4.436 (2009)

−6.525*** (1986)

−6.21*** (2006)

−4.13 (2000)

−6.35*** (2001)

Lngdpc

−4.904* (2007)

4.74 (2006)

5.62** (1985)

4.27 (1990)

−5.08* (1994)

Lnpener

−5.79*** (2004)

−6.45*** (2011)

−4.00 (1987)

−6.61*** (1988)

Lncoal

−3.90 (1987)

−9.03*** (1985)

−3.42 (1999)

−9.16*** (2008)

−4.01 (1988)

−6.64*** (2008)

Lnoil

−2.94 (2007)

−6.41*** (2001)

−4.71 (2006)

−5.522** (2002)

−3.65 (2002)

−5.90*** (1987)

Lnelec

−4.61 (2008)

−8.09*** (1987)

4.81 (1985)

−6.66*** (1996)

−2.27 (2008)

−5.87*** (2001)

lnnatgas

−8.43*** (2009)

−4.69 (1984)

−6.91*** (1985)

−7.43*** (2001)

Lnurb

−3.44 (1986)

−10.33*** (2007)

−7.21*** (1986)

−3.67 (2002)

−11.86*** (1985)

Lntrad

−5.36**(1985)

−6.07*** (2003)

−5.63** (1989)