Variables | IPS (2003) panel unit root test | Maddala and Wu (1999) | Order of integration | |
| T-bar | W (T-bar) |
|
|
Total tax to GDP | −1.45 | 0.11 | 1.75 | I(1) |
∆Total tax to GDP | −4.86* | −4.72* | 17.2* | |
Indirect taxes to GDP | −1.22 | 0.66 | −0.24 | I(1) |
∆Indirect taxes to GDP | −4.12* | −4.32* | 10.5* | |
Direct taxes to GDP | −1.43 | 0.48 | 2.11 | I(1) |
∆Direct taxes to GDP | −5.40* | −5.2* | 22.68* | |
Trade taxes to GDP | −2.69 | −2.04 | 5.33 | I(1) |
∆Trade taxes to GDP | −5.93* | −5.55* | 28.44* | |
Average Tariff Rate | −2.71 | −1.90 | 3.34 | I(1) |
∆Average Tariff Rate | −6.15* | −5.28* | 13.74* | |
Agricultural share to GDP | 1.30 | 0.33 | 0.65 | I(1) |
∆Agricultural share to GDP | −4.44* | −4.63* | 11.71* | |
GDP per capita | −1.39* | 0.27* | 20.31* | I(0) |
Aid per capita | −5.31* | −4.64* | 27.24* | I(0) |
Trade ratio | −0.62 | 2.24 | 0.02 | I(1) |
∆Trade ratio | −3.35* | −3.24* | 13.04* | |
Share of urban population to the total population | −1.34 | 0.80 | −0.59 | I(1) |
∆Share of urban population to the total population | 1.36* | 0.368* | 6.64* | |
Real effective exchange rate | −1.271 | 0.543 | −0.71* | I(1) |
∆Real effective exchange rate | −0.462* | 2.669* | −1.94* |
|
Inflation | −4.585* | −3.030* | 6.42* | I(0) |
Regulatory quality | −5.37* | −5.12* | 8.54* | I(0) |
Political stability | −6.40* | −4.45* | 31.06* | I(0) |
Control of corruption | −4.07* | −4.12* | 34.43* | I(0) |
Accountability | −5.66* | −4.98* | −0.59* | I(0) |
Rule of Law | −3.33* | −2.54* | 1.19* | I(0) |