| Study | Design & Aim | Method | Sample | Key Findings |
| 12) | Correlational and experimental study designs Aim: To examine the effect of need satisfaction on flow. And to examine the effect of competence need satisfaction is moderated by the achievement motive and if the effect of need-for-relatedness satisfaction is moderated by the affiliation motive in different sports domains. | 4 studies were conducted in different sport domains (badminton, fitness, volleyball). Multi-Motive-Grid (MMG), Competence environment (3 items), Flow Short Scale | 1: 61 male and 33 female advanced badminton players Mage = 20.6 years, SD = 1.1 2: 78 undergraduate students without any experience in volleyball (60 women) Mage = 25 years, SD = 6.12 3: 695 students and alumni were recruited from university fitness courses (409 females) Mage = 32 years, SD = 9.97 4: 262 members of sports clubs Mage = 33.5, SD = 10.4 | 1: Achievement motive associated with the competence environment (r = .23, p < .05) and flow experience (r = .21, p < .05). Competence environment related to the flow experience (r = .25, p < .001). 2: Achievement motive (competence condition) positively correlated to flow (r = .26), achievement motive (control group) negatively related to flow (r = −.32). 3: Competence (need satisfaction) appeared to be significantly correlated to AFF motive (r = .15, p < .01) more than ACH motive (r = .06), and relatedness (need satisfaction) isn’t significantly correlated to AFF motive (r = .07) and ACH motive (r = .05). 4: Competence (need satisfaction) appeared to be significantly correlated to AFF motive (r = −.19, p < .05). |
| 13) | Cross-sectional Study Aim: To test whether the implicit achievement and affiliation motives interact with the need for competence and the need for social relatedness satisfaction, respectively, to predict flow experience and well-being in extreme sports. | Pilot study: Picture Story Exercise (PSE), Sheldon & Hilpert’s Balanced Measure of Psychological Needs, Flow Short Scale Main study: The above plus Exercise Addiction Inventory | Pilot study: 29 ultra-endurance athletes (long-distance runners, triathletes, long-distance bikers; 24 men) Mage = 47.5 years, SD = 7.85 Main study: 93 German-speaking long-distance runners (73 men) Mage = 47.7, SD = 9.46 | Achievement and affiliation motive were unrelated (r = .02). Achievement motive was significantly related to relatedness satisfaction (r = .22, p < .05). Basic need for competence and relatedness satisfaction were associated with each other (r = .68, p < .001) and with flow (r = .23, r = .26, p < .05) on a highly significance level. |
| 14) | Laboratory and naturalistic study Aim: To examine the joint influence of avoidance temperament and avoidance-based achievement goals on the experience of flow on a creativity task | The indicators of avoidance temperance were BIS sensitivity (Study 1) and neurotism (Study 2) Study 1: Randomly assigned to one of four goal conditions (2 V 2 achievement goal framework) and then given a verbal creativity task (Flow Short Scale and BIS sensitivity scale) Study 2: Different creativity task and avoidance temperament was operationalized in terms of individual differences in neuroticism (NEO Five-Factor Inventory) | Study 1: 101 university students from Switzerland (74.3% women) Mage = 22.61 years, SD = 4.03 Study 2: 102 high school students from Switzerland (48.0% females) Mage = 16.23 years, SD = 1.13 | Study 1: No significant correlations between BIS sensitivity and baseline flow (r = −.14, p = .16) or post-manipulation flow (r = .01, p = .94). Study 2: Significant correlation between neuroticism and baseline flow (r = −.17, p = .09) and no correlation between neuroticism and post-manipulation flow (r = −.03, p = .78). |