Pre

Post

Change

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

tb (df)

Fc (1,161)

Exhaustion

Educational status

High school graduate

1.73 (1.22)

1.96 (1.41)

0.24 (0.63)

3.80*** (104)

5.02*

College/University graduate―Postgraduate degree

1.83 (1.31)

2.39 (1.51)

0.56 (0.87)

4.36*** (57)

ta (df)

0.52 (175)

1.81 (161)

Cynicism

Educational status

High school graduate

1.72 (1.09)

1.85 (1.06)

0.12 (0.55)

2.40* (104)

6.04*

College/University graduate―Postgraduate degree

1.56 (1.09)

1.52 (1.05)

−0.05 (0.42)

−1.37 (57)

ta (df)

0.94 (175)

1.91 (161)

Pathways

Married

No

16.45 (2.90)

16.26 (3.04)

−0.19 (1.44)

−0.46 (80)

4.71*

Yes

16.76 (3.09)

16.11 (3.48)

−0.65 (1.82)

−3.15** (81)

ta (df)

0.68 (175)

0.29 (161)

Having children

No

16.48 (2.9)

16.23 (3.1)

−0.25 (1.4)

−0.82 (91)

4.34*

Yes

16.77 (3.12)

16.13 (3.47)

−0.65 (1.93)

−2.90** (70)

ta (df)

0.65 (175)

0.20 (161)