Categorization | Authors | Description of parents’ behavior toward their child | |
SR
| Problem-focused responses | | Helping to solve the problem that caused the child’s distress |
Socialization | | Explaining why the behavior may be considered socially inappropriate | |
Comforting | | Helping the child to feel better by comforting or distracting | |
Encouragement | | Showing their acceptance of the child’s emotional displays by encouraging him/her to express emotions | |
NSR
| Minimizing | | Denying the seriousness of emotional reactions or devaluing the problem |
Distress | | Becoming powerless in response to an emotion and displaying emotional distress | |
Discomfort | | Feeling embarrassed by an emotional display | |
Avoidance/Dismissing | | Avoiding contact | |
Punitive/Reprimanding | | Punishing to control the emotional display |