Specifications | Locations | Embodied energy (kJ/kWh) | Renewable energy | Environmental impact | Source |
3000 kW wind turbine | Land (85 m) | - | 5001/yr | 195,000 pt | Angelakoglou et al. [14] |
Coastal (95 m) | - | 10,989/yr | 301,000 pt | ||
Offshore (105 m) | - | 15,519/yr | 452,000 pt | ||
5 MW wind farm | Offshore | 175.49 | 12,500 MWh/yr | 16.5 g CO2e/kWh | Schleisner [15] |
9 MW wind farm | Onshore | 118.08 | 19,800 MWh/yr | 9.7 g CO2e/kWh | |
186 × 1.65 MW | Onshore | - | 1073 × 103 MWh/year | 8.21 g CO2e/kWh | Wang and Sun [16] |
100 × 3 MW | Offshore | 1423 × 103 MWh/year | 5.98 g CO2e/kWh | ||
100 × 3 MW | Onshore | 789 × 103 MWh/year | 4.97 g CO2e/kWh | ||
116 × 850 kW | Onshore | 198 × 103 MWh/year | 0.19 - 0.28 g CO2e/kWh |