Temp.

Flow rate (lpm)

ns (m−2) Total filter

ns (m−2) PM0.5 (Cyclone filter)

−18˚C

2

1.6 × 108

(0.3 × 108)

2.2 × 108

(0.3 × 108)

−22˚C

2

5.2 × 108

(1.0 × 108)

7.6 × 108

(1.4 × 108)