Left atrial endocardial damage

Activation of coagulation system within the left atrium

High levels of biochemical markers

Fibrinopeptide A

Thrombin-antithrombin III complex

Von Willebrand factor antigen [62] [63]

Paraneoplastic (due to altered intravascular coagulation related to carcinoma breast [64] or lung [65] )

Rhythm changes (atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter)