Left atrial endocardial damage |
Activation of coagulation system within the left atrium |
High levels of biochemical markers |
Fibrinopeptide A Thrombin-antithrombin III complex Von Willebrand factor antigen [62] [63] |
Paraneoplastic (due to altered intravascular coagulation related to carcinoma breast [64] or lung [65] ) |
Rhythm changes (atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter) |