| Country | Associated factors | References |
| Cape Verde | Household size, gender of head of household, place of residence, level of education of head of household, level of household expenditure. | [24] |
| 30 sub-Saharan African countries | Place of residence (urban or rural) mother’s age, mother’s occupation, household size, household access to water, household access to sanitation. | [29] |
| Benin | Child’s age, level of education, mother’s occupation, mother’s age, household size, household socioeconomic level, household food security, means of transport, ethnicity, mother’s height and social status. | [25] |
| Benin | Household size, lack of latrines, drinking water consumption, ethnicity, socio-economic status. | [30] |
| Tunisia | Child’s age, mother’s age, parity (mothers with three or more children), mother’s total energy intake. | [32] |
| Kenya | Household wealth, urban residence, age of child, gender. | [26] |
| Ethiopia | Place of residence, religion, household size, housing quality, household wealth, sanitation. | [27] |
| 23 Sub-Saharan African countries | Household size, availability of drinking water, availability of improved toilets, availability of improved sanitation facilities, household wealth, age of child, age of mother, marital status of head of household, level of education of mothers. | [23] |
| Tanzania | Mother’s age, occupation of head of household, low birth weight, place of residence, household wealth. | [28] |
| 49 low- and middle-income countries | Household wealth, mother’s level of education, area of residence | [9] |
| Ethiopia | Maternal age, urban residence, household wealth, number of children under 5 in the household | [38] |
| Ethiopia | Average wealth index, birth weight, age of child | [31] |