Indicators | Mean annual concentrations (μg∙m−3) | |||||
SO2 | NH3 | NO2 | O3 | PM2.5 | PM10 | |
WHO [36] | 50 | -.- | 40 | 701 | 10 | 20 |
Background | 1.3 ± 12.7 | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.6 | 58 ± 251.7 | 2.6 ± 10 | 4.4 ± 28.7 |
Urban | 2.3 ± 40.5 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 5.4 ± 62.3 | 56.6 ± 358.3 | 6.7 ± 101 | 10.6 ± 187.5 |
Urban > 10 K | 5.3 ± 150.5 | -.- | 16.1 ± 213.9 | 51.5 ± 308.1 | 6.9 ± 133.4 | 11.3 ± 189.2 |
Urban > 1 K | 2.6 ± 38.5 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 6.9 ± 81.5 | 54.2 ± 329.2 | 7.6 ± 125.2 | 11.5 ± 214.5 |
Urban 1 - 10 K | 1.8 ± 10.4 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 8 | 55.2 ± 337.3 | 7.8 ± 121.5 | 11.7 ± 228.9 |
Urban < 1 K | 1.6 ± 46.5 | 0.5 ± 0.01 | 1.5 ± 10.3 | 63.7 ± 445.9 | 3.6 ± 11.9 | 8.8 ± 138.1 |
Cfb | 1 ± 2.9 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 61.9 ± 294.4 | 2.7 ± 3.3 | 3.9 ± 20.2 |
Cfc | 0.9 ± 1.8 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 65.4 ± 281.7 | -.- | -.- |
Dfb | 2.5 ± 31.2 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 6.8 ± 81.9 | 61.4 ± 415.6 | 4.6 ± 27.5 | 9.1 ± 94.1 |
Dfc | 1.3 ± 17.8 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 1.1 | 55.9 ± 321.2 | 8.4 ± 187.1 | 6.8 ± 164.9 |
Dsb | 5.4 ± 171.5 | -.- | -.- | 45.6 ± 205.8 | 4.4 ± 44.5 | 10.2 ± 161 |
Dsc | -.- | -.- | 6.0 ± 33.6 | 28.6 ± 56.6 | -.- | -.- |
Dwc | -.- | -.- | -.- | -.- | 4.3 ± 19.1 | 17.3 ± 550.8 |
EF | 5.6 ± 35.4 | -.- | -.- | -.- | -.- | -.- |
ET | 0.3 ± 1.7 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 53.6 ± 217.5 | 5.7 ± 24.7 | 2.0 ± 15.3 |
Eurasia | 1.5 ± 18.4 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 63.6 ± 394.6 | 5.0 ± 16.5 | 5.7 ± 16.1 |
Atlantic | 1.4 ± 3.2 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | -.- | 71.7 ± 197.8 | -.- | -.- |
America | 2.9 ± 65.8 | -.- | 9.7 ± 117.7 | 45.7 ± 227.3 | 6.1 ± 96.3 | 9.7 ± 184.3 |
<66.34 N | 2.1 ± 25.1 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 5.6 ± 66.0 | 54.9 ± 321 | 6.1 ± 89.1 | 8.3 ± 141.1 |
66.34 N - 70 N | 1.5 ± 29.6 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 7.5 | 62.6 ± 335.6 | 3.5 ± 13.8 | 9 ± 96.8 |
>70 N | 0.6 ± 3.7 | 0.08 ± 0.08 | 0.2 ± 0.03 | 57.9 ± 233 | -.- | -.- |
<100 m | 1.8 ± 16.2 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 1.6 ± 7.9 | 50.1 ± 237.7 | 5.4 ± 24.6 | 11.3 ± 225 |
100 m - 500 m | 1.6 ± 29.4 | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 6.2 | 61 ± 366.6 | 7.0 ± 140.4 | 7.1 ± 81.6 |
>500 m | 1.9 ± 23.5 | -.- | 18.5 ± 254.9 | 57.1 ± 247.6 | 3.1 ± 14 | 5.4 ± 54.4 |